M3-Ch5-title

5.1 – The Expense details

In the previous chapter, we had learnt about the revenues a company generates. Moving further on the P&L statement, in this chapter, we will look at the expense side of the Profit and Loss Statement along with the associated notes. Expenses are generally classified according to their function, which is also called the cost of sales method or based on the expense’s nature. An analysis of the expenses must be shown in the Profit and Loss statement or the notes. As you can see in the extract below, almost all the line items have a note associated with it.

M3-Ch5-chart1

The first line item on the expense side is ‘Cost of materials consumed’; this is invariably the raw material cost that the company requires to manufacture finished goods. As you can see, the cost of raw material consumed/raw material is the company’s largest expense. This expense stands at Rs.2101 Crs for the FY14 and Rs.1760 Crs for the FY13. Note number 19 gives the associated details for this expense; let us inspect the same.

M3-Ch5-chart2

As you can see, note 19 gives us the details of the material consumed. The company uses lead, lead alloys, separators and other items, all of which adds up to Rs.2101 Crs.

The next two line items talk about ‘Purchases of Stock in Trade’ and ‘Change in Inventories of finished goods, work-in-process & stock-in-trade’. Both these line items are associated with the same note (Note 20).

Purchases of stock in the trade refer to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business. This stands at Rs.211 Crs. I will give you more clarity on this line item shortly.

Change in the inventory of finished goods refers to the costs of manufacturing incurred by the company in the past, but the goods manufactured in the past were sold in the present/current financial year. This stands at (Rs.29.2) Crs for the FY14.

A negative number indicates that the company produced more batteries in the FY14 than it managed to sell. To give a sense of proportion (in terms of sales and sales costs), the company deducts the cost incurred in manufacturing the extra goods from the current year costs. The company will add this cost when they manage to sell these extra products sometime in future. This cost, which the company adds back later, will be included in the “Purchases of Stock in Trade” line item.

Here is an extract of Note 20 which details the above two line items:

M3-Ch5-chart3

The details mentioned in the above extract are quite straightforward and is easy to understand. At this stage, it may not be necessary to dig deeper into this note. It is good to know where the total lies. However, when we take up ‘Financial Modeling’ as a separate module, we will delve deeper into this aspect.

The next line item on the expense side is “Employee Benefits Expense”. This is quite intuitive as it includes expense incurred in terms of the salaries paid, contribution towards provident funds, and other employee welfare expenses. This stands at Rs.158 Crs for the FY14. Have a look at the extract of note 21, which details the ‘Employee Benefits Expense’.

M3-Ch5-chart4

Here is something for you to think about – A company generating Rs.3482 Crs is spending only Rs.158 Crs or just 4.5% of its sales on its employees. In fact, this is the pattern across most companies (at least non IT). Perhaps it is time for you to rethink about that entrepreneurial dream you may have nurtured.

The next line item is the “Finance Cost / Finance Charges/ Borrowing Costs”. Finance cost is interest costs and other costs that an entity pays when it borrows funds. The interest is paid to the lenders of the company. The lenders could be banks or private lenders. The company’s finance cost stands at Rs.0.7 Crs for the FY14. We will discuss the debt and related matters more when we take up the chapter on the balance sheet later.

Following the finance cost, the next line item is “Depreciation and Amortization” costs which stand at Rs.64.5 Crs. To understand depreciation and amortization, we need to understand the concept of tangible and intangible assets.

A tangible asset has a physical form and provides an economic value to the company—for example, a laptop, a printer, a car, plants, machinery, buildings etc.

An intangible asset does not have a physical form but still provides an economic value to the company such as brand value, trademarks, copyrights, patents, franchises, customer lists etc.

An asset (tangible or intangible) has to be depreciated over its useful life. Useful life is defined as the period during which the asset can provide economic benefit to the company. For example, the useful life of a laptop could be 4 years. Let us understand depreciation better with the help of the following example.

Zerodha, a stockbroking firm generates Rs.100,000/- from the stockbroking business. However, Zerodha incurred Rs.65,000/- towards the purchase of a high-performance computer server. The economic life (useful life) of the server is expected to be 5 years. Now if you were to look into the earning capability of Zerodha it appears that on the one hand, Zerodha earned Rs.100,000/- and on the other hand, spent Rs.65,000/- and therefore retained just Rs.35,000/-. This skews the earnings data for the current year and does not really reflect the company’s true earning capability.

Remember the asset even though purchased this year, would continue to provide economic benefits over its useful life. Hence it makes sense to spread the cost of acquiring the asset over its useful life. This is called depreciation. This means instead of showing an upfront lump sum expense (towards the purchase of an asset), the company can show a smaller amount spread across the useful life of an asset.

Thus Rs.65,000/- will be spread across the server’s useful life, which is 5. Hence 65,000/ 5 = Rs.13,000/- would be depreciated every year over the next five years. By depreciating the asset, we are spreading the upfront cost. Hence after the depreciation computation, Zerodha would now show its earnings as Rs.100,000 – Rs.13,000 = Rs.87,000/-.

We can do a similar exercise for non-tangible assets. The depreciation equivalent for non-tangible assets is called amortization.

Here is an important idea – Zerodha depreciates the cost of acquiring an asset over its useful life. However, there is an actual outflow of Rs.65,000/- paid towards the asset purchase in reality. But now, it seems like the P&L is not capturing this outflow. As an analyst, how do we get a sense of the cash movement? The cash movement is captured in the cash flow statement, which we will understand in the later chapters.

Here is the snapshot of Note 23, detailing the depreciation cost.

M3-Ch5-chart5The last line item on the expense side is “other expenses” at Rs.434.6 Crs. This is a huge amount classified under ‘other expenses’. Hence it deserves a detailed inspection.

M3-Ch5-chart6

M3-Ch5-chart7

From the note, it is quite clear that other expenses include manufacturing, selling, administrative and other expenses. The details are mentioned in the note. For example, Amara Raja Batteries Limited (ARBL) spent Rs.27.5 Crs on advertisements and promotional activities.

Adding up all the expenses mentioned in the expense side of P&L, it seems that Amara Raja Batteries has spent Rs.2941.6 Crs.

5.2 – The Profit before tax

It refers to the net operating income after deducting operating expenses but before deducting taxes and interest. Proceeding further on the P&L statement, we can see that ARBL has mentioned their profit before tax and exceptional item numbers.

Put the profit before tax (PBT) is:

Profit before Tax = Total Revenues – Total Operating Expenses

= Rs.3482 – Rs.2941.6

=Rs.540.5

However, there seems to be an exceptional item/ extraordinary item of Rs.3.8 Crs, which needs to be deducted. Exceptional items/ extraordinary items are expenses occurring at one odd time for the company, and the company does not foresee this as a recurring expense. Hence they treat it separately on the P&L statement.

Hence profit before tax and extraordinary items will be:

= 540.5 – 3.88

= Rs.536.6 Crs

The snapshot below (extract from P&L) shows the PBT(Profit Before Tax)  of ARBL:

M3-Ch5-chart8

5.3 – Net Profit after tax

After-tax, the net operating profit is defined as its operating profit after deducting its tax liability. We are now looking into the last part of the P&L statement, the profit after tax. This is also called the bottom line of the P&L statement.

M3-Ch5-chart9

As you can see from the snapshot above, to arrive at the profit after tax (PAT), we need to deduct all the applicable tax expenses from the PBT. Current tax is the corporate tax applicable for the given year. This stands at Rs.158 Crs.  Besides this, there are other taxes that the company has paid. All taxes together total upto Rs.169.21 Crs. Deducting the tax amount from the PBT of Rs.536.6 gives us the profit after tax (PAT) at Rs.367.4 Crs.

Hence Net PAT = PBT – Applicable taxes.

The last line in the P&L statement talks about basic and diluted earnings per share. The EPS is one of the most frequently used statistics in financial analysis. EPS also serves to assess the stewardship and management role performed by the company directors and managers. The earnings per share (EPS) is a very sacred number which indicates how much the company is earning per face value of the ordinary share. It appears that ARBL is earning Rs.21.51 per share. The detailed calculation is as shown below:

M3-Ch5-chart10

The company indicates that 17,08,12,500 shares are outstanding in the market. Dividing the total profit after tax number by the outstanding number of shares, we can arrive at the earnings per share number. In this case:

Rs.367.4 Crs divided by 17,08,12,500 yields Rs.21.5 per share.

5.4 – Conclusion

Now that we have gone through all the line items in the P&L statement, let us relook at it in its entirety.

M3-Ch5-chart11

Hopefully, the statement above should look more meaningful to you by now. Remember, almost all line items in the P&L statement will have an associated note. You can always look into the notes to seek greater clarity. Also, we have just understood how to read the P&L statement at this stage, but we still need to analyze what the numbers mean. We will do this when we take up the financial ratios. The P&L statement is also very closely connected with the other two financial statements, i.e. the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. We will explore these connections at a later stage.


Key takeaways from this chapter:

  1. The P&L statement’s expense statement contains information on all the expenses incurred by the company during the financial year.
  2. Each expense can be studied concerning a note which you can explore for further information.
  3. Depreciation and amortization is a way of spreading the cost of an asset over its useful life.
  4. The cost of interest and other charges paid when the company borrows money for its capital expenditure.
  5. PBT = Total Revenue – Total Expense – Exceptional items (if any)
  6. Net PAT = PBT – applicable taxes
  7. EPS reflects the earning capacity of a company on a per-share basis. Earnings are profit after tax and preferred dividends.
  8. EPS = PAT / Total number of outstanding ordinary shares



501 comments

  1. Gurjot says:

    How do you calculate the cost of good sold using Cost of Material Consumed, Purchase of Stock-in-Trade and Changes in inventories of Finished Goods & Work-in-Progress?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      COGS is usually associated with the cost incurred for the manufacturing the end product. Have explained it here, please refer section 13.3.

      • Piyush says:

        Hi Karthik, I have been following this website religiously, making notes and trying to absorb each and every chapter. I had a question, I could not locate the split of the line items in the financial results. For e.g. “Other Income”, where can we find a split of such things? Can you help?

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          Usually, the company will associate a note or a schedule for every line item, including Óther Income. Can you please double check for that note once again?

      • Nitin says:

        Hello sir,

        You doing a Good job to teach everybody in free of cost…..sir I want to know that have you any hardcopy of this book….if you have plz shre how I’ll got.

        Thanks and regards
        Nitin dey
        9969240114

      • Bharti says:

        Having the same question what Gurjot asked is that how can i find COGS from Cost of Materials Consumed, Purchases of Stock-in-trade, Changes in Inventories of Finished Goods and Work-in-progress ?
        And i also checked section 13.3 i.e Understanding the business but can’t find it, pls help me solve this

  2. Amitvikram says:

    In “Change in inventory of goods” I could understand that negative number indicates, company sold products manufactured last year and hence those many products which were manufactured this year are not sold, hence the cost of that extra goods is subtracted from total expenses this year. I have got two questions. 1) Does the positive number indicate that, all the products produced this year are sold and also the remaining products of last year? In such a case will previous year manufactured expenses not be included in the previous year P&L expenses? 2)Does a zero indicate that company was able to sell all the products manufactured?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      The P&L statement is supposed to give a sense of proportion. A negative number here represents that the company produced more products than it managed to sell. For example assume they manufactured 100 batteries with the cost of manufacturing each battery as Rs.50. So the total expense is 5000/-. However if they managed to sell only 80 batteries out of the 100, then they will have to show the expense of manufacturing only 80 batteries. Hence they will deduct 20*50 = 1000 from 5000 to give a sense of proportion. Because they are deducting this number it will bear a -ve sign.

      Assume the next year they manufacture another 100 batteries at the same cost of Rs.5000. Also assume they manage to sell these 20 extra batteries along with the 100 batteries, then for that year they will have to add the total expense as Rs.5000 and Rs.1000. Because this number has to be added back it bears a +ve sign.

      • Amitvikram says:

        Then in the next year the 20 batteries cost will be added in the “purchase of stock in trade” am I right? What is the difference between Finished goods and stocks in trade?

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          Yes. Thats right and it will be a +ve number.

          Finished goods are inventory that is ready to be sold. Stocks in trade usually refer to material that aids in such sales.

          • Manoj says:

            Purchase of stock in trade finished goods directly purchased….the 20 batteries aka closing stock of finished goods becomes opening stock the next year its not added to purchase of stock in trade!!!!!!!!!!!(something which is purchased but not sold is added to inventory later the next year it is treated as opening stock….cogs=os-cs)

          • Karthik Rangappa says:

            Thanks for the comments Manoj 🙂

          • Manoj says:

            *** Purchase of stock in trade is the finished goods directly purchased (would love it if there was an edit button)

          • Karthik Rangappa says:

            I know what you mean 🙂

      • Shubham Patil says:

        Hi karthik,
        What is the difference between change of inventory in finished goods and purchase of stock in trade?
        It seems to be same.

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          Not really, Shubham. Someone had the same query, I’d suggest you go through the comments, have explained this earlier as well. Thanks.

      • Dan says:

        Sir, I have added query here. So in case of negative value of COFGS, where we will add the cost of the goods Co has purchased but deferred its cost for future point when those goods will be actually sold. I was also thinking that it will be added in “Purchase of Finished Stock-in-trade” but Manoj comment and your affirmation on that suggests that later is not the cost of Inventories borrowed from last year and sold in this year but something Co purchased some finished good and sold it again. Can you please clarify.

        One more query I have, don’t we add Income Tax as part of Taxes so that PAT is actual profit after income tax as well.

        Thank & Regards

  3. Durgesh kumar says:

    Opening stock- closing stock if it negative then it means it sold more no than manufactured (including previous year) them it should be added to stock in trade current this year like than na sir.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      If negative it means the company sold less than what it manufactured, hence to give a sense of proportionality the company reduced this cost from the cost of manufacturing from expenses. Hence it is negative.

    • Manoj says:

      Karthik is right…….let me give you an ex opening stock 399, manufactured 1000, closing stock 400 sales=x find x!!!!!!!
      opening stock 399
      add:manufactured 1000
      less :closing 400
      =sold 399

      change in inventory is -ve(399-400=-1)……goods sold < that manufactured

      Like karthik said the company reduces the cost of excess goods & the same is debited to inventory a/c (closing stock) …this is done to comply with the accrual concept of fundamental accounting assumptions of accounting standard 1

  4. Bandana says:

    Dear sir u are doing great job.pls explain me how Arbl shareholders equity is 1059 cr for 2013 instead of 10598 cr.pls reply sir.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      If you look carefully the numbers expressed in the BS is in Million Rupees, but throughout the module I have converted the numbers to INR Crs. Hence what you see is 10598 Million Rupees which is equivalent to Rs.1059.8Crs.

  5. Bandana says:

    Thank you sir, i got it.one more doubt about tax rate.how can be calculated?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      One quick but dirty technique is to identify this is by dividing Income tax paid by PBT. This will give you a rough idea on how much tax is being paid out.

  6. girish says:

    Dear sir..
    Doji robust strong uptredn indicator i searched is this correct na sir…….how to identify long bull run stock with a help of doji….recently i studied hitachi home stock, there i got doji open & close equal price……is this correct sir..? now i got in salzer electronics ltd same indicator..? how to confirm doji is strong bullish..?
    thanking you sir……
    regard’s
    girish

  7. girish says:

    Dear sir..
    Doji robust strong uptredn indicator i searched is this correct na sir…….how to identify long bull run stock with a help of doji….recently i studied hitachi home stock, there i got doji open & close equal price…..skm egg product ltd stock same doji signal..
    thanking you sir……
    regard’s
    girish

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Girish, you are posting these questions under the wrong chapter head. Request you to post them in relevant sections for the benefit of others. Anyway, on a standalone basis dojis convey indecision in the market. They cannot be used to identify trends.

  8. Chandraneel says:

    Dear Karthik, I have a doubt in NOTE20, it will be really helpful if you can clarify it.
    In FY13 for Home UPS, Closing Stock is 22.3 crores, I have understood this as 22.3 crores is the accumulated ‘Stock in Trade’ for UPS product until FY13 i.e. net ‘Stock in Trade’ for UPS from its first year till FY13 is 22.3 crores. Please correct me if I am wrong.
    So as per this data, maximum ‘Purchase of Stock in Trade’ for UPS in FY14 can be only 22.3 crores but in NOTE20, ‘Purchase of Stock in Trade’ for UPS is 49.4 crores.
    I am feeling it very difficult to understand from where the balance of 49.4-22.3=27.1 crores has come from?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Chandraneel – this is a bit tricky.
      The note you are referring to is a P&L line item. Unlike a balance sheet item, P&L line items are on a year on year basis. So there is no question of accumulated figures in P&L statement – but in Balance sheet it is on a flow basis so ‘accumulated’ makes sense, like accumulated depreciation.
      So the ‘net stock in trade’ refers to the previous year closing balance + this year number.
      Purchase of stock in goods and change in inventory are 2 discrete entries on P&L, but closely related to the Balance Sheet – hence the reason why I said this is a bit tricky 
      Purchase of stock in goods refers to the value of the goods (from previous year inventory) that the company is able to sell this year. This number clearly has a balance sheet angle to this (FY 14 inventory stands at Rs.335 Crs). In the absence of a detailed note associated for Purchase of stock in trade it would be really hard to estimate how exactly ARBL arrived at 49Crs.

      • Chandraneel says:

        Dear Karthik,
        Thanks for the reply. I am getting a sense of what you mean.
        Once again thanks a lot to you and Zerodha team for this wonderful initiative which is helping us immensely.

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          Thanks for the kind words.

          Also, do remember this – when companies provide a detailed schedule on their financial statements, it speaks volumes about transparency and accountability.

  9. civils.aditya says:

    Hello Karthik,
    Thank you for opening up a new world where I can actually see in digits what I always doubted, that it’s only a smaaalllll portion of the company’s earning that is spent on employees 🙂 . Just for the sake of info, can we see annual report of any IT company. I tried searching for Accenture but wasn’t able to get it. All I got was a statement of 6 pages. Could you help? Sorry for asking such a thing in your busy schedule 🙁 .

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Private unlisted companies in India (like Accenture, IBM, Flipkart, Zerodha etc) are not obligated to make their financial statements public 🙂

    • Mohamed Yasin says:

      Hi Sir,

      You ppl are doing great job. it will be very helpful for new bie like me to understand Financial concepts.

      I have one question Sir.

      please see below part from ‘Employee Benefit Expense’ Section.

      “Here is something for you to think about – A company generating Rs.3482 Crs is spending only Rs.158 Crs or just 4.5% of its sales on its employees. In fact this is the pattern across most of companies (at least non IT).”

      here company generating Rs. 3482 is in million ?
      I think it will come out to 348.2 in Cr.
      and they are spending 158 Cr on employees. so they are spending around 50% of the profit with employees.

      is this correct?
      please clear my doubt.

  10. Michael Mathew says:

    How to find out the non recurring expenses in an Income statement? & How do they calculate it?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      You will have to dig into the notes (or schedules) given in the financials to establish if the expense is a regular on non recurring expense. The notes will also include details on any such calculation.

  11. Michael Mathew says:

    Could you give some examples of non-recurring expenses in an income statement????

    • Suchetha says:

      Non recurring expenses on an income statement should be reported separately from the recurring expenses.

      Some examples of infrequent expenses are :-

      1. Emergency costs to repair an equipment

      2. Paying the laid off workers, due to the sudden sale of a division or department

      3. Repair costs after a natural disaster.

      4. Litigation fees

  12. Gunda Ashok Reddy says:

    Please explain the difference between opening stock-in-Process and opening stock of finished goods and Closing Stock-in-Process and Closing Stock of Finished goods.
    And please tell me in CMA whre I have to capture Change in inventories of finished goods, work-in-progess and stock-in trade

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Opening stock in process = Raw material being utilized for making the finished goods at the start of the year. This is same as closing stock in process of previous year

      Closing stock in process = Opening stock in process + new additions for the year

      Opening stock of finished goods = The inventory count at the start of the year, which is same as the Closing Stock of Finished goods of previous year

      Closing Stock of Finished goods = Opening stock of finished goods + additions for the year.

      You maybe interested to know that the opening year date is 1st April and closing is 31st March.

      You can capture all the details in the annual report and the schedules.

  13. Arabinda says:

    Dear Zerodha Team, your initiative on providing knowledge on investing/trading is awesome. These articles are great to start with for beginners. The information is clear and crisp. I like the way it is explained and presented.

    Great work..

  14. gowsik says:

    could you please confirm my understanding is correct.
    in the above example,company manufactured 100 batteries in current year out of that 80 only sold, so remaining 20 expenses will be added to stock in trade for next year, is that correct(20*50=1000)?

    Also please explain what is change in work in progress and finished goods? finished goods include last year stock also right?then why we are adding stock in trade separately?

    Also please explain what is the difference between purchase of stock in trade and stock in trade

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      The remaining 20 will be treated as expense for the current year and if they manage to sell the same next year then it will be recognized as revenues. Change in work in progress & Finished Goods showcases the company’s incremental (or otherwise) change in inventory levels, which is reflected in the Balance Sheet.

      • Gowsik says:

        As per your previous post as follows.For example assume they manufactured 100 batteries with the cost of manufacturing each battery as Rs.50. So the total expense is 5000/-. However if they managed to sell only 80 batteries out of the 100, then they will have to show the expense of manufacturing only 80 batteries. Hence they will deduct 20*50 = 1000 from 5000 to give a sense of proportion. Because they are deducting this number it will bear a -ve sign.
        Assume the next year they manufacture another 100 batteries at the same cost of Rs.5000. Also assume they manage to sell these 20 extra batteries along with the 100 batteries, then for that year they will have to add the total expense as Rs.5000 and Rs.1000

        As per the above statement expenses will add only the product is sold this year, Remaining expenses (20*50=1000) will be added to next year stock in trade but in the previous chat you said The remaining 20 will be treated as expense for the current year.so please explain which one is correct?

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          Hey, I’m sorry if I confused you. Yup, this is an accounting treatment, and most of the accounting principles work on conservatism. Capitalizing expense this way gives a sense of proportion. So when you incur expense to manufacture goods you recognize it the same year, but if you are unable to sell all the units, then you carry forward the same to the next year and show it as revenue from stock in trade.

          Also, I don’t really come from an accounting background, suggest you double check.

  15. seabird says:

    hi,,for the last one year entire collapsed,,nifty is 1000 points down..almost we are near to 2008 high. Not a single investor who rely on upon fundamental analysis make money from the market..only technical analyst can expect something…then how do define this situation with FA..is it that all companies gone bankruptcy?..I think this FA is completely fake theory…completely waste of time..expecting a reply..regards.

  16. seabird says:

    …………
    A scientist can build a spaceship n travel to moon with his calculation…another scientist knows how to build missile that can hit any city in the world.. for some extent astrology also is reliable..then why you guys(brokers/analysts) completely failed in your field…..i think you do not put enough efforts…!!

  17. rohan says:

    In balance sheet what is the meaning of ” subscribed and paid up” shares?

  18. rohan says:

    change in inventory- goods produced in previous financial yr but sold this yr.
    so why they are covered in expenses and not in revenue as goods are sold now so they are a source of revenue to company?

  19. rohan says:

    total no of shares available with company(paid up)- 200M
    no of shares issued – 175 M
    subscibed and paid up – 170M

    how come last 2 figures different? Is that means company is authorized to issue 200M shares out which it has issued 175M but only 170M has been purchased by common public/investors and 5M shares are still with company for which it has not got any buyer??

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Authorized share capital is the maximum share capital the company is authorized to raise. Issued share capital is the number of shares that can be issued to share holders…clearly this will be less than authorized capital. Further, subscribed share capital refers to the actual number of shares that are subscribed by shareholders. Subscribed share capital will be less than (or equal to) issued share capital.

  20. Rajeev says:

    How tangible asset write off comes under expense.boz we get money for asset sale.plz explain

  21. ROSHAN says:

    CHAPTER 5
    Understanding P&L Statement (Part 2)

    Dear sir Can you Please help me out in how to find COGS for above P&L statment given example

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      COGS = Cost of Material consumed + employee benefit + purchases of stock in trade + other expense

  22. ROSHAN says:

    But what about begining inventory and ending inventory
    It should not be included in calculation…??

  23. RAJIV says:

    Hi, Thanks for the tutorial. query below please.
    1. the value in the line item “Change in Inventories of finished goods , work–in-process & stock–in-trade” for the current FY could/may end up in the line item “Purchases of Stock in Trade” for the next Financial Year. Is my understanding correct? Thanks.

  24. Mrs. Shetty says:

    Though broadly I know how to read an understand the funadamentals from co. B/S, P&L etc. But going thru your tutorials have got confidence and understanding of few things wh was not clear earlier became clear. Hatsoff to you and your team for taking so much efforts and research and study to make layman understand TRADING and create wealth but with full understanding .. it being your main intent.
    Again appreciate your efforts.
    I wanted to learn Options. Its available in the module. the urge has been to skip the FA and jump to Options. But after going thru few chapters on FA I wish to finish it and understand FA to build a Portfolio which will be the backbone for my trading ..I think.
    Thanks once again.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Thanks for the kind words 🙂

      Yes, I’d encourage you to build a long term portfolio and then get into active trading.

  25. MSP says:

    Hi Karthik,
    For a different company, in p&l, Cost of material consumed 3261 cr, other expenses 3136 cr, while going through notes, the break up of other expenses mentions stores and spare parts consumed, packing material consumed, power & fuel etc, these should be standard operation cost, then, what might be the reason of mentioning these are under other expenses.
    Regards,
    MSP

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Usually the raw material cost also known as cost of material is stated separately to indicate the sensitive of the company to raw material costs. Hence it gets a separate mention.

  26. MSP says:

    Hi Karthik,
    That’s perfectly fine, my confusion is, can such a big amount as 3136 cr be shown as other expenses.
    Regards,
    Madhusudan

  27. neeraj says:

    Hi
    what is number of
    outstanding shares ?

  28. sameerkhan says:

    Hi dear Karthik Like explained the inventory with below ex
    opening stock 399
    add:manufactured 1000
    less :closing 400
    =sold 399

    change in inventory is -ve(399-400=-1)……goods sold < that manufactured

    Can you explain "Purchase of stock in tread" with such as example
    Thanks

  29. vimal says:

    while analysing the p&l statement of the banks financial statement,i have noticed that there is no tax are paid on the profit they earn.Is that the banks don’t pay taxes on income, pls explain.

  30. Surya says:

    Hi Karthik,

    First of all thank you for the great service that zerodha is doing to educate the community.
    My questions as follows

    Is there any standard which defined the period for depreciation of an element (Laptop/Servers/etc..) if so where can I get a link for that..

    Even though we assume that servers life time is 5 yrs What happens if
    i) If server is totally damaged before 5 yrs (Where does the rest of the value get adjusted)
    ii) Server life extends beyond 5 yrs

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Thanks for the kind words, Surya.

      1) I’ve heard its 5 years, but I’m really not sure about this.

      2) We write off the asset

      3) On the basis of accounting, the server has to die on its 5th birthday 🙂

  31. Surya says:

    Also while calculating depreciation on what percentage is it divided.

    Assume I purchase a server for 65000 and its expected life time is 5 years will the depreciation split be equal to 20% for five years or will it be in a decreasing fashion…

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      This depends on which type of depreciation you choose to adopt. There are two popular methods – straight line method and accelerated method.

  32. Dhinakaran says:

    Karthik, Deferred tax is the difference between the tax projected for the year by the company and the IT department. Is that correct?

  33. Akash says:

    Thanks for the marvellous content. I have one query. In the last line of last table it is mentioned as “basic and diluted earnings per equity share of Re. 1/- each”. Here we are calculating earnings per share which has nothing to do with the share price of the share. Then why it is mentioned “…Re. 1/- each” ? What is the significance of stating ” …. equity share of Re. 1/- each”?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I’m assuming you are referring to FV of a share here. EPS is earnings divided by total number of shares. To calculate the total number of shares you will need the face value of the share.

  34. Aleena says:

    Sir…I have no idea about purchase of stock in trade. .can you please explain this with a suitable example

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Have done this on couple of occasions in the chapter (and in the comments section). Request you to kind refer to the same. Thanks.

  35. Ayush says:

    Sir, i have few questions;
    1)what does opening and closing stock means(Note 20)?
    2)why we deduct closing price price from opening price?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Ayush, couple of readers had the same query. Can you please scroll through and check the answers?

  36. rajarshi chakraborty says:

    Hi Karthik

    I have two questions
    a) Under the Header no 20 there are two Purchases of Stock in trade(i.e under a) and one under change of inventory (under b) what is the difference between these two headers?
    b) Secondly if I take the ARBL’s number the opening stock of ARBL is 828 and closing stock is 1052.11.Now as you said the company wants to subtract the extra goods produced in the year which were not sold from there expenses.If product worth of 1052.11 million is lying in the finished goods store as stock why are we subtracting 1052 from 828?Why are we not taking the total 1052 as this the total goods unsold.

    Regards
    Rajarshi

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      1) Purchase of stock in trade is previous year inventory being sold this year and recognized as revenue. Change in inv represents the new inventory levels.
      2) We generally consider the yearly increment/decrements

  37. kiranintouch says:

    Hi Karthik, Thank You for presenting this module. Request to clarify the following
    1. I understood “Change in inventory of finished goods” from the explanation provided in this chapter. And from your comment on “August 29, 2015 at 6:40 am”, i am interpreting “Stock-In Process” to be same as “Work-In Process” in the above provided note 20. Please confirm if my understanding is correct.
    2. Request to explain what would be “change in inventory of stock-in trade”.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Oh oh….i may have created some sort of confusion here. I’ll soon put up a new supplementary note explaining these things.

  38. Arun KS says:

    Hello Karthik,

    I m quoting your words from above to set the context for my question.

    “A negative number indicates that the company produced more batteries in the FY14 than it managed to sell. To give a sense of proportion (in terms of sales and costs of sales) the company deducts the cost incurred in manufacturing the extra goods from the current year costs. The company will add this cost when they manage to sell these extra products sometime in future. This cost, which the company adds back later, will be included in the “Purchases of Stock in Trade” line item.”

    I couldn’t understand why this has to be added to “Purchase of Stock in Trade” because this years closing stock is next years opening stock. So if company has managed to sell in next year, it will reflect in the closing inventory of next year. And hence effects “Change in Inventories of finished goods , work–in-process & stock–in-trade” of next year, which will become positive. Why is it needed to add again in “Purchase of stock in Trade”?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Purchase in stock in trade is a P&L item – both revenue and its respective expense has to be accounted for here. Inventory on the other hand is a balance sheet item…and technically, you can carry this forward for years.

  39. Khan says:

    When we talk about WIP and finished goods inventory, how do we calculate the cost?As per what i understand,finished goods are made from WIP inventory. Please correct me if i am wrong. So isnt the cost of finished goods inventory already there in WIP ? Aren’t we double counting the costs?

  40. Waqaar says:

    Hello Sir,
    I couldn’t understand this concept “Purchases of stock in trade” and “Change in inventory of finished goods”.
    If expenses of extra items were already added in previous year as normal raw material purchases , then why it is being added in current year even if company is able to sell it. Then it should be considered a profit rather than an expense.

    Thanks

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      It would not, a negative number in expense means that the number actually gets added back to revenues.

  41. Venkat says:

    sir
    First of Thanks for your interest for your excellent presentation which made me to go through it

    I have some query regarding Depreciation and amortisation
    i was very clear about you example about computer.
    here Depreciation and amortisation is treated as expense . suppose this value is 10k(dep &amoriti)

    Total revenues= 50k
    expenses = 20k

    Profit before Tax = Total Revenues – Total Operating Expenses
    ie PBT = 50k-20k = 30k

    in paper it is 30k . but depreciation & amoritization amount how can it be treated as expense ans we are not paying to any one

    if you check phycially the cash of PBT will be 40k

    will this 10k will be added in the cash and reserves ? which will increase the book value ?

    Please help me to clear this

  42. Arghya Das says:

    Hi U Explained “Change in inventory of finished goods refers to the costs of manufacturing incurred by the company in the past , but the goods manufactured in the past were sold in the present/current financial year.” If The Goods Manufactured In Past But Sold In Current Fiscal, Should It Not Come Under Revenue?

  43. Ranjit says:

    hello sir,
    actually i have ur last 2 or 3 year share market winners state ment list

  44. varun says:

    When will you post the “Financial Modelling” module. Thanks for the simple explanations. Always good to re-learn.

  45. Venkat says:

    Hi Sir

    I have some querys could you please help

    1)What does tax( negative number)means in Balance sheet
    2)What does change in inventory ( number indicates EX: 10) you have explained about negative number only in the PDF

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      1) Deferred tax – company is expecting some refund.
      2) It suggests that the company is able to convert inventory to cash sooner this year, compared to the previous year.

  46. Venkat says:

    Sir
    is it always good to check ROCE% rather than ROE

    suppose the company’s networth is zero . if ROCE is 25% then we are good like we are getting 25% of profits and is manageable to pay interests of around 15% and still the company will have the profits of 10%

    Could you please let me know

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Sure Venkat. Each financial ratio comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. You need to look at them from a case to case basis.

  47. muthu mariappan says:

    Sir, I like the way you have motivated us regarding the entrepreneurial dream by highlighting the salary to sales ratio.:-)

  48. Chetan says:

    Hi Karthik,

    For taking your time out and helping people like us to understand the things so well. I have an doubt in regards to EPS Calculation. I would request you if you could please help me with the EPS Calculation once. I know the formulae would be PAT / outstanding shares however there seems to be some correction, so would request you to help me with that.

    Thanks once again..

    Regards.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Will be happy to do Chetan, but would you please help me understand which correction you are talking about? Thanks.

  49. abhik bhattacharya says:

    Hello Karthik,

    As per note 22 of ARBL Annual Report of 2013-14, Income Tax also forms a part of the Financial Costs. How is it different from the taxes which are considered separately during the evaluation of PAT?

  50. maverick says:

    hi Karthik ,
    Thanks a lot for for your good work of educating us in very simple and layman language . I like the way you reply each n every query.
    is it possible to give some sort of numbering to comments so that it will be easy to refer.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Thanks for the kind words, Maverick. Sorting comments is on the list of things to do. Will try and do something about it.

  51. V.Vivek says:

    Hi Kartik,

    What is the difference between basic and diluted EPS?
    For stock investors like me, what is more important?

  52. vinayagamoorthy says:

    karthick sir,
    i gone through the link about eps and diluted eps, its really good to understand. my question is if there is a vast difference in value between eps and diluted eps of a stock, what we incur from that, is it bad to invest over the stock

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Not really. There are multiple other factors that you need to look for. – like ROE, margins, balance sheet etc.

  53. Parvesh says:

    Helo sir,

    I have started reading varsity modules and also able to give ncfm exams by studying through these modules and i really appreciate the way you created this platfor for the learners.

    And i would like to know when are you going to update the Financial modelling module??

  54. Himanshu says:

    In these lectures ,you seem to be hinting that investors should manually add up figures in one financial statement and compare with another. Is it really required or an overkill ? In other words , given that these ARs are made by top-notch CAs and presented to regulator , can there be financial discrepancy so obvious as mis-calculation ?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Ah, its not really required…but I would not consider it as an overkill as well. Consider this as an OCD of sorts for reading financial statements 🙂

  55. Aashish Rana says:

    Hey karthik
    Thanks for teaching us
    How do we calculate weighted average no. Of shares?

  56. Aashish Rana says:

    Hey karthik
    What is outstanding shares? Is it Authorized,issues or subscribed? Which one?

  57. Aashish Rana says:

    Hi karthik
    Sorry to disturb u again!
    Please guide on other comprehensive income?
    What’s that?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Other income includes non-operating revenue such as rent, interest, dividends, and sale of assets.

      • Aashish Rana says:

        But sir
        Here I am looking something different in this annual report of jsw energy Ltd

        Other comprehensive income
        (i) Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
        – Remeasurements of the net defined benefit
        liabilities / (assets)
        (ii) Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified
        to profit or loss

  58. Aashish Rana says:

    And sir
    Can u recommend me any govt of India website,so by reading the statistics I might get to know the which sector indian govt is boosting up?

  59. Aashish Rana says:

    Hi karthik
    As I was looking the annual reports of jsw energy pvt ltd 2017 and 2016.The EPs of 2016 is different in 2017 annual report.And its quite a big difference.so isn’t it misleading? There is changes in revenue and expenditure too. Why this happens?And which one I should take into my consideration?
    Thanks

  60. Aashish Rana says:

    Thanks a lot Mr. Karthik for replying of all my queries.And soon i will disturb u again in future.

  61. AASHISH Rana says:

    Hello sir
    What is CSR expenditures?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Every company of a certain size spends upto 2% of its profits on social service. This is called Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR.

  62. Bhashkaranand says:

    Does Zerodha as a company does have done any CSR project till date? Where to know if yes?

  63. Karthik S says:

    Karthik,

    How numerator of EPS is calculated?

  64. Ritesh says:

    Hey,

    I was reading this
    http://www.shekhawatiyarn.com/images/SHEKHAWATI%20POLY-YARN%20LIMITED_31.12.15.pdf

    The fifth note says:
    “During the quarter the company has reversed quantity discounts which was receivable from various suppliers pertaining to earlier years amounting to Rs. 6,564.36 lacs which are no more recoverable. Accordingly, the said amount has been written off and included under exceptional items.”

    Can you help me understand this?

    Thanks!!

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Clearly, the company is writing off receivables from the previous years. Not a great sign according to me.

  65. DP says:

    The paragraphs above Employee benefits expenses in Section 5.1 says ‘Financial Modelling’ as a seperate module. Can you point out the module from the chapters in Varsity?

  66. kunal gawade says:

    Hello team,
    i want to ask that form which side this snapshots of the income statement is taken?????

  67. jyoti says:

    Hi Karthik,
    I have a query related to EPS. As we know, EPS is the PBT divided by no of shares.

    Due to various corporate activities like stock split, bonus, buyback, the no of shares change (increase/decrease). in this case how will be the EPS for the previous year be calculated – using the new on of shares or the old no of shares corresponding to that period?
    For example, let’s say the PBT for a company XYZ for yr2017 was 100cr and no of shares 20cr, so EPS in the year 207 was=100/20=5.
    now in 2018, the company declared 1:1 bonus. So, the no of shares now 40cr. The PBT for this year is 120cr. EPS for this year=120/40=3

    What will be the EPS for 2017 now?
    will it be same as last year i.e. 5?
    or
    with new on of shares, 100/40=2.5

    The reason I am asking this is we have to compare the historical data. So, if I compare 5 with 3, its showing negative growth whereas if I compare 2.5 with 3, it shows positive growth.

    Please clarify.

    • jyoti says:

      a small correction. Its PAT not PBT.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Valid question, Jyoti. Corporate action is something that you need to consider carefully, for this reason, it makes sense to look at this on an as-is basis. When you analyze, be aware of this and do not make an adjustment to the previous years’ data. Btw, do seek a 2nd opinion on this. Kindly share your learnings here.

  68. l_earn_err says:

    Highlighted excerpt:

    “Here is something for you to think about – A company generating Rs.3482 Crs is spending only Rs.158 Crs or just 4.5% of its sales on its employees. In fact this is the pattern across most of companies (at least non IT). Perhaps it is time for you to rethink about that entrepreneurial dream you may have nurtured.”

    It was very astonishing to come to know this fact !!
    It’s also a daring, eye opener and guiding fact unravelled.
    Entrepreneurs out there may take a cue from this.

    Keep unravelling Sir !

  69. l_earn_err says:

    I had a concept of depreciation as ‘decresase in the value of an item’ which is opposite/different to what you explained about depreciation!

    I need to ask…….
    1. Does ‘depreciation’ not mean ‘decrease in the value of an item’?

    2. If it also mean decrease in the value of an item, then what difference is there between inflation and depreciation?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      1) It roughly means the same – decrease the value systematically over a period of time
      2) Inflation is a steady increase in price.

      Depreciation is an accounting concept, inflation, on the other hand, is an economic concept.

  70. pravin says:

    if i add all the item from expenses (i.e 21011.95+2113.69+292.10+1583.16+645.71+4346.60) then sum is coming 30,000.39 million rs but in statement it is shown 29,416.19 …. am i missing something hear …???

  71. Tejas says:

    What does increase/ decrease in stock mean? Also can can pl again explain meaning of purchase of traded goods.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Tejas, have explained this couple of times in the comments above. Can you kindly run through it once? Thanks.

  72. Daljeet Singh says:

    Is it good to look at quarterly/annual reports of the company or reports from top brokerage houses will do the needful?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I’d advise you look at the AR to avoid any sort of biases in your judgment of the business.

  73. Sunil says:

    Hi Karthik,

    Thanks for this wonderful article.
    I fondly remember of me searching for some kind of this material since 2010 – a long wait put to an end.

    I have got few questions related to Note 20(b)

    Q1 – Work-in-progress section:

    Why is the OS-CS not shown as negative in the note? 828.95-1052.11 should give us -223.16. However, it was shown as positive.

    Finished-Goods Section:

    Same question as above, why not -ve while the company sold lesser no.of stocks than they manufactured.

    Q2 – Net increase in inventories:

    How did 292.10 arrived?

    Thanks in advance.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Sunil, it is in -223.16. Shown as -ve.
      Net Inventory is the sum of OS, FG, and stock in trade.

  74. Rajkamal Gupta says:

    Sir, have you posted pdf on financial modelling? thanks

  75. Suresh says:

    Sir , Excellent and fundamentals are explained in very simple manner.it can be understood for beginner to expert level. Thank you very much for sharing this knowledge for free of cost. I really appreciate

  76. Senthil Kumar N says:

    Sir – If the Depreciation value alone is shown from P&L while the total asset value is going out of company, how will the cash balance match ?

    Senthil.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I guess you are talking about cash proceeds from the sale of assets. The cash will reflect in other income.

      • Senthil Kumar N says:

        Sir – My concern is of during purchase of say a machinery for rs.10000 and as you mentioned P&L only reflects the depreciating value say rs.2000 per year…

        In this case money going out of the company is rs. 10000 wherein we are showing only rs.2000 so wouldn’t the balance differ..?

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          No, in such a case the asset would be written off and hence no depreciation charges against this.

  77. TUSHAR MODY says:

    sir,

    Question of EPS Viz a Viz “Face Value ” of Share

    Assume there are TWO Companies A and B

    1) A has an EPS of 8 and Share “Face Value ” is 1

    2) B also has an EPS of 8 BUT Share “Face Value” is 10.

    so, sir….. which company should be considered as having BETTER EARNING Capacity. ??????

    and what is the REASONING to be used ???

    THANKING YOU

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I’ll assume both the companies are comparable in the first place i.e same industry, similar in size. If true, then company B obviously is better. Also, please note, the face value of the share does not really matter here.

      • TUSHAR MODY says:

        sir,

        This is in reply to your answer,

        My Reasoning was that

        In case of company A if they have split up the share from a FACE VALUE of 10 to 1.

        Then can we reason that

        “” INSPITE OF “”TEN TIMES “” more SHARES NOW…..THIS COMPANY “A” is able to GENERATE an EPS of 8

        HENCE…….,COMPANY “A ” should be considered as more profitable.

        ( You can ASSUME both company from same industry…both offering “STAND ALONE ” Quarterely results.

        please confirm OR share your views

        I feel this point will help many investors n traders

        thank you

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          The face value matters in terms of calculating the number of shares outstanding in the market. Yes, in a sense it does make sense because we get to know the extent of dilution. Now, it really boils down to which financial ratio you are looking at. Based on that you may just want to consider the face value as well.

  78. Dan says:

    Hello Sir

    Could you please help in explaining these points:

    1. Why Excise Ta is not included in the Expense Section, rather than Totals Sales first reduced by this amount and then shown in Revenue section
    2. Does the closing inventory goes like Current Asset in balance sheet ?
    3. What is meant by Basic and Diluted keywords in shares.

    Thanks a lot for your help.

    Regards
    Dan

  79. Amit mavani says:

    Hi sir
    Can u suggest me some ration for insurance company?

  80. Ram says:

    Hey Karthik,
    What is EPS for continued and discontenued operations?

  81. Ram says:

    Hey Karthik,
    What is EPS for continued and discontenued operations?

  82. Ram says:

    Hi Karthik,
    While you were explaining Purchases in trade, one question came in my mind what if a company never manage to sell some goods? So when would they add the cost of that goods?

  83. Ram says:

    Does a large no. of exceptional items too drag a red flag?

  84. Shankar Waghmare says:

    “Perhaps it is time for you to rethink about that entrepreneurial dream you may have nurtured” Can you pl explain it.

  85. Hari Narayanan says:

    Sir,
    Don’t this Company have any expenses towards loan repayments? Also the Interest to be paid for the loans. Where do we account these items?
    Hari Narayanan

  86. Analyst says:

    Certain clarification to look into. The Chairman of ARBL gave a statement predicting or foreseeing 10% growth which can be assumed to be a bluff on his part and so the analyst decided to not invest in it. However, the EPS figures of the said company look relatively attractive. Under such circumstances how can a decision be made? and with what level of certainty?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      This was not a conflict with ARBL if I’m wrong. I think this was the case with TGBL. Can you please reconfirm? Thanks.

      • Analyst says:

        Yes you are right. I missed the point as it came in between the discussion about ARBL. It would be helpful if you mention the name there or insert coloured font or atleast highlight the tea manufacturing company part if you do not wish to reveal the name.

        One example that I explicitly remember was reading through the chairman’s message of a well established “tea manufacturing company” (double quotes inserted to highlight in this case for your kind reference, the same are missing in the article “https://zerodha.com/varsity/chapter/read-annual-report-company/”).

        Thanks again for responding. It verifies the assumption that company with higher EPS can be trusted.

  87. Pinak Pani Satpathy says:

    Sir, when is the module for financial modeling is getting started?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Pinak, I’m working on another project related to Varsity. Will look at this module once the project takes some shape.

      • Pinak Pani Satpathy says:

        Thank you Sir for replying. I am eagerly waiting for the module to get started as you have a great talent to explain these complicated things in a very easier way. I appreciate your effort. Best of Luck for the Project !!!

  88. Subeer says:

    Thank you so much for explaining this complex subject into easy to understand language ,

  89. Thuy Pham says:

    Thanks a lot for your thorough teaching. But could you please explain more about the Purchases of Stock in Trade and Changes in inventory of finished goods, WIP and stock in trade? I’m still very confused with all these terms, and the reason this concept represents the cost of goods sale.

  90. Manoj Arya says:

    Sir, can cost of raw material consumed be negative. And if it is so,what does it imply?

  91. Sai praneeth says:

    Hi Karthik.. I am in a confusion..about purchases of stock in trade and change in inventories. From the topic u have given I came to know that… 1.if the company sells less than the goods manufactured..the cost incurred for the extra manufactured goods will be taken in the column of change in inventories with negative sign. And the same amount will be added up in the next year’s purchases of stock in trade column of next year’s statement..am I right???

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Thats right, Sai. The expenses are recognized in the next year.

      • Sai praneeth says:

        If same thing happens in a quarter does the expenses will be recorded in the next quarter??

      • Sai praneeth says:

        1.what is meant by the positive number of change in inventories.column.. As u told negative means goods are sold less than manufactured so the extra goods manufactured cost will be shown with negative sign and same amount is added up in purchase of stock in trade in next year’s statement. as u confirmed by sending ur reply to my previous question… So positive number of change in inventories means last year’s unsold goods are sold this time r8.the cost incurred for them to manufacture will be added in this r8.
        If so what will be added in the next year’s column of purchase of stock in trade..
        2.if zero in changes in inventories what does it mean.

      • Sai praneeth says:

        Hi Karthik.. Kindly answer to my queries.. Thank u very much for ur support. My query Is where this 2113.69 million in the purchase of stock in trade has came from.?

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          This is unsold inventory, I guess I replied to your query earlier.

          • sai praneeth says:

            1.why the (pusrchase of stock in trade) unsold inventory cost is put up in the expenses column. of this year..it would become a balance sheet item r8..if not sold….
            2.how to know the calculation of it in the above 2113 millions which is given right there in the column..

          • Karthik Rangappa says:

            1) The balance sheet is on a carry basis, whereas P&L is year on year basis.
            2) You can refer to the notes associated with the line item.

  92. MANISH KUMAR says:

    Hello sir, first of all thanks for your such contribution to enhance our financial knowledge.
    My doubt is under 5.2 topic you defined PBT which is equal to Total operating revenue – Total operating expenses.
    I want to ask why Total operating expense?? It should be Total expenses because other expense are also taxable.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Manish, the idea is to find out the profitability at the operating level for the company. Other expense could be one-off and may not reoccur.

      • MANISH KUMAR says:

        Thank you for your reply sir.
        I want to clarify about few more things:
        a) Under Expenses the total expenses is Rs 29,416.19 millions but if I calculate it reflects 30000.39 millions.
        b) Under extract of Note-20 (a) – total purchase of stock in trade is Rs 2113.69 millions,does it mean company buys goods worth Rs 2113.69 millions from last F/Y i.e. 2013????
        c) Under the same extract of Note-20 the change in inventories of finished goods,work in process & stock in trade. I understood about how the individual figures comes from but unable to understand the Net increase in inventories figure which is 292.10 million.
        d) Under topic 5.2 in which you describes the PBT= Total revenue – total Operating expenses but you take the figures of total expenses.
        Sir my theses doubts may be silly doubts for you but it makes huge sense for me. Please help Sir.

        • Karthik Rangappa says:

          a) This can be a case of minor debit and credit, I would suggest you look at the notes associated with the expenses for a more granular view
          b & c) Frankly, I need to review these numbers, it has been a while now 🙂
          d) PBT if you want to calculate from an operations point of view, then its Total Operating revenue – operating expense – D&A

  93. Amit mavani says:

    Hi sir

    In p/l statement and cash flow from operation statement tax paid figure is different .why ? No clarifiaction about it in its associated footnotes and I saw data in its annual reports of so many company.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Hmm, it should not differ. Are you sure you are comparing the consolidated data across both the statements?

  94. Amit mavani says:

    Hi
    Yes it’s consolidate data both side

  95. Pratibha says:

    Hi Sir,

    How to find COGS of an IT Company, as unlike Amara Raja, there are no goods manufactured here?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      COGS is equivalent to the expense incurred. This will mainly be the HR expenses for an IT company.

  96. Aditya says:

    1. Sir I would like to know that what does it suggest about a company whose profit has increased more than 50% from last year just because it’s change in finished goods /inventories/wip has changed from +50lakhs (last year) to —1701laks(current year) .

    2. Since you said negative sign shows the extra products company didn’t sell but has produced so a sudden shift from +50 to -1701 shows the company’s INABILITY to sell its products .

    3. This sudden increase of 50% in profit before tax of current year is not a good sign if this profit is caused only due to a sudden shift in the change in inventory/wip/finished good from +50lakh(last year) to —1701lakhs (current year) .

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      1) This probably shows an inventory pile up
      2) Yes, inventory pile-up is not a great sign. Indicates that the product is not moving, perhaps the consumer’s preferences are changing.
      3) Yes, I’d agree.

  97. Rahu says:

    Great work. Thank you. When will you publish module on Financial Modeling as mentioned by you in Part 2 of PL statement?

  98. Kartheek says:

    Hello Karthik Sir,

    In the above P&L study in the lesson,

    The company indicates that there are 17,08,12,500 shares outstanding in the market

    How can one calculate the outstanding shares. Is it like, the number of shares in the stock market for the company on 31st March?

    Kindly clarify

    Continue caring and enlightening people like me

    Regards

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Yup, shares outstanding in the market indicates the shares which are available to trade in the market.

  99. victor says:

    Sir are the batteries and home UPS purchased as part of stock in trade a trading business of amara raja batteries ? If yes, why do they undertake the manufacturing and trading of the same item ?

  100. Raghav Bansal says:

    “how much the company is earning per face value of the ordinary share”
    what per face value means regarding EPS?
    like if EPS is ₹20 and face value of share is ₹5, then does it mean that company has earned ₹20 on ₹5?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      EPS is earning per share. Suppose earning is 100 and the number of shares is 20, then earning per share is 100/20 = 5

  101. A Arjun says:

    Sir if change in inventories, work in progree, finished goods is positive.. Then should we include that in cost of good sold..?

  102. Arjun says:

    Thank you sir and waiting for financial modelling course. Hope to see it soon..
    Appreciate your work.. Keep learning and keep teaching..

  103. Sumit says:

    Hi Karthik,
    Thank you for a enlightening chapters.

    I was going through other company P&L statement where I came across these terms. what do these mean Would you please explain?

    Other comprehensive income/(loss)
    A. (i) Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
    (a) Remeasurements of the defined benefit plans.
    (b) Equity instruments through other comprehensive income.
    (ii) Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss.
    B. (i) Items that will be reclassified to profit or loss
    (a) Debt instruments through other comprehensive income…
    (b) Effective portion of gains and loss on designated portion of hedging
    instruments in a cash flow hedge…..
    (ii) Income tax relating to items that will be reclassified to profit or loss…………………….

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I’m guessing here, please refer to the associated notes for full clarity –

      A (i) – Both could be something related to the market-linked product, so taking M2M into consideration
      A (ii) – Deferred tax income

      B (i and ii) – Same as A

  104. Karan says:

    I did not understand purchase of stock in trade and it cycle.

    Can u please tell me in detail or reffer any website or artical so that i can understand it fully.

    Thanks

  105. Pradeep says:

    Sir,
    Many of the services based companies(IT) I do not see COGS or Cost of services then how would i calculate Gross Profit which is revenue minus COGS* . As i see in many US companies balance sheet i see either COGS or cost of services or in similar lines according to industry*. I asked many they confused me, Can you please elaborate on the same.
    for example HDFC AMC : how to calculate gross Profit can you explain and generalize how to calculate for any indian company?

    Revenue from Operations
    Asset Management Services – 1,915.18
    Other Income – 181.60
    Total Income 2,096.78
    Expenses
    Fees and Commission Expenses 240.26
    Impairment on Financial Instruments 22
    Employee Benefits Expenses – 206.27
    Depreciation, Amortisation and Impairment – 12.85
    Other Expenses 222.70
    Total Expenses 722.08
    Profit Before Tax 1,374.70
    Tax Expense
    Current Tax 445.47
    Deferred Tax (1.37)
    Profit After Tax 930.60

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Its simple Pradeep, everything that company mentions as an expense is the COGS or COS. That’s it.

  106. Robin Sethi says:

    Hi Karthik,

    I want you to know there are some questions in the varsity app quiz part that have wrong answers. I’ll try making a list. For example, Fundamentals intermediate quiz question 9.

  107. Hitesh says:

    Dear Karthik Sir
    In Change in inventories of finished goods etc
    in yr ended march 31 2014 column
    Net increase in inventories ( 223.16+294.42-363.36)=154.22
    how 292.10 is showing ?
    while in another march 31 2013 column
    Net increase in inventories ( 17.54+324.28-20.93)=320.89 this is right

    Sir can you please explain the difference showed in first column

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      You need to inspect the associated notes in the annual report for this where a detailed explanation would be given

  108. Hitesh says:

    Dear Karthik Sir
    I tried to find out every details of note 20, but i didn’t get any regarding information. may be it was mistake or you suggest .

  109. Hitesh says:

    Dear Karthik sir
    i did research on it
    actually i did wrong calculations
    right is as follows
    in yr ended march 31 2014 column
    Net increase in inventories (294.42-223.16-363.36)= -292.10
    while in another march 31 2013 column
    Net increase in inventories ( 20.93-17.54-324.28)= -320.89
    now both calculations are right actually i forgot to focus on negative value that’s why this happened. but now i understood . Thanks again for this wonderful contents.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I’m glad you could figure that 🙂 The annual report of good companies are usually very clear with their numbers.
      Happy reading!

  110. Bhuvesh says:

    Sir
    Purchases of stock in trade, refers to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business
    From note 20 it is shown that they have bought batteries and ups
    Does this means that they have bought ready to sell ups and batteries from outside.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      No, these are products that they manufacture. This is stock moving from previous year inventory and getting recognised as a sale during this year.

  111. Anad Ahamed Aslam says:

    Hi,
    I was studying fundamental of delta corp Ltd…..
    In that, even after showing PAT… there are some extra lines called ‘Other Comprehensive income’
    And ‘profit attributes’… Etc etc….
    Should we look in to it…???

  112. Anad Ahamed Aslam says:

    And….
    If depreciation and amortisation are non cash expenses…..
    And it is shown as cash going out of the company or from profits…..
    But where does it actually go….

    To depreciation fund a/c???
    But not all company created this a/c!

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      It gets adjusted over the useful life of the asset. For example, if a company buys something for 1Cr today, it won show 1Cr as expense today. It will only show a part of it every year.

  113. Mikhail says:

    Hey Karthik,

    Thanks a lot for all the useful information published !

    Just had a small doubt
    What is exactly the deferred tax and short provisions tax?
    Also, the taxation in companies would have changed right? Specially after some alterations made last year to the corporate tax.
    So what all taxes are required to be paid at a company to arrive at the net profit figure?

    Please do let me know

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      The deferred tax arises out based on the way depreciation is treated. The applicable tax is kept aside and provisioned for and paid the following year when there is more clarity.

  114. Yash Gupta says:

    Hi Kartik,
    Depreciation and armotisation expenses are divided equally for the whole life of the asset as is shown same each year but what about the time value of money.

  115. Pardeep Rawat says:

    How is amortization calculated on intangible assets. How can we reach out to the amortization amount deducted per year and the number of years in which it will be calculated? Thanks!

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Depends on the company, they usually publish this in the amortization schedule made available in the annual report.

  116. Indranil Saha Saha says:

    Dear Karthik

    Thanks for sharing this details expalnation for P&L Statement

    I have few Question.

    1)For calculation Operational Income the formula u mentioned is

    Operational Income =Operational Revenue (Sales+ other operational income) – Operational Expenses.There are some other incomes as u mentioned like Dividents, interest on deposits,etc which are non operational revenue.Does these also should be considered under Operational Revenue to calculate the Operational Income

    2) If the Promoter has around 70-71% stake in an organization , what conclusions can be drawn from this.For Ex: NHPC
    3)Is there any logic like if a company has zero Debt then we need to consider ROE and if a company has debt we need to consider ROCE.
    4)What can be the cut off target for selection companies based on ROC and ROCE.

    Kindly share your suggetion
    Regards
    Indranil Saha

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      1) I’d prefer not to consider the other income to get a sense of the operating income
      2) It is just that it has a high promoter holding – so more skin in the game, in a way this is good
      3) Nope
      4) Depends on the sector. You really need to look at the industry and take a call. One shoe does not fit all 🙂

  117. Mahesh says:

    Hi sir,when will financial modeling will come from your pen eagerly waiting sir!!

  118. Indranil Saha Saha says:

    Thanks Kartik..for the reponse.

    But do we have any site where industry specific cut off will be mentioned based on ROCE and ROE??

    Regards
    INSAH

  119. Surya N. Parija says:

    Sir what is price action strategy or price action?

  120. Raj says:

    hello sir,
    What exactly happens when a stock falls under upper circuit/lower circuit?
    For ex. Now adanigreen stock is under lower circuit. It has only sellers and no buyers. So how exactly are the sellers booking profit when no buyers are available? who is buying them now?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      The circuit is like either the buyers or sellers get adamant and refuse to budge. For example, if a stock is very bullish, sellers would want the highest price because they know buyers will buy at any cost. So sellers won’t budge. Ice will break only the next day or when sellers decide to cool off the price.

  121. Raj says:

    Sir, Regarding previous question about circuit. Maybe a silly question. In an upper circuit we will not be able to buy that particular stock unless the upper circuit breaks right? Similarly how will the sellers be able to make profit when there are no buyers available in lower circuit.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Sellers get an opportunity to sell at a higher price when the stock hits upper circuit and buyers get to buy the stock at lesser price when the stock hits lower circuit.

  122. satish says:

    Purchases of stock in trade, refers to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business. Why does a company buy its own goods towards conducting its business? Or am I interpreting it in the wrong way?

  123. Mohit Jain says:

    Sir, didnt understand the Purchase of stock-in-trade and the Change in inventories and their relation

  124. sandip says:

    what is the difference between ”Basic’ and ‘diluted’ earnings per equity share ?(Basic vs Diluted)

  125. sandip says:

    Thanks a lot Karthik.It resolved my query.:-)

  126. Pritam Shirke says:

    While I completed intermediate level on Fundamental Analysis, an answers at the end of intermediate quiz was marked wrong.
    Q. Two parameters required for calculating EPS?
    —> I choose PAT and No. of O/s Eq Shares option. But the app marked it wrong and the correct answer according to it was Share Price and No. of O/s Eq Shares, which I feel is incorrect.

    Please Clarify.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      That’s a mistake. What you opted is the correct answer. Will have this changed. Thanks for pointing.

  127. Joshua says:

    Sir, your example for depreciation cost (for server purchased) was very helpful and understandable. For better understanding, could you please give us an example of amortization as well?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Will try to do that. It is just that amortization is applicable to intangible assets such as say goodwill or brand.

  128. Amol Singh says:

    Dear Karthik,

    Thank you for such an informative session. I have one doubt regarding the “basic and diluted earnings per equity share of Re. 1/- each”. As i understand the Face Value is assumed as Re 1/- to calculate the EPS. But, suppose the Face Value is some other value other that Re 1/-, for eg Re 5/-. Then do we need to divide the EPS by 5.

    There are companies whose Face Value is not 1. So, the calculation will vary to calculate the EPS?

    Thanks in advance.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Amol, you dont really consider the face value of the share to calculate the EPS, what you need to consider is the number of shares outstanding. Divide the earning by the number of shares.

  129. Amol Singh says:

    Karthik, Thanks for clarification. 🙂

  130. Avinash Pandey says:

    I understood how a tangible asset can depriciate but how a non tangible asset like brand name can depriciate? Because it is older the brand higher the trust 🤔🤔

  131. manish mehta says:

    Hello karthik..hope your are doing great..just a small query. Couple of times companies change their accounting policies for treatment of depreciation or something else, just to change their figures of profit. i just want to know, how shall we know about these changes. Whether they mention clearly in annual report or we only have to figure it out by ourselves.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Manish, companies have to comply with the accounting norms set by the regulators, they cannot change the policies as and when they wish. Also, if there is a change, that would be explained in the AR itself.

  132. manish mehta says:

    thanks karthik 🙂

  133. Anushil says:

    Can you please explain change in inventories of finished goods, WIP and SIT and Purchases of stock in trade with example to get more clarity?
    Also explain WIP and SIT a bit.
    Really appreciate your content. Very helpful and informative.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      I have done that in the chapter and comments itself. Is there anything, in particular, you are looking for?

  134. Devansh says:

    It is written, “Purchases of stock in trade, refers to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business.” I just wanted to know..why is it written as “refers to all the purchases of finished goods”.. why not “refers to all the purchases of raw materials”

  135. Ritvik Pant says:

    Purchases of stock in trade, refers to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business, My confusion to this is that why do a company have to buy a finished good if they’ve only made it or is the statement referring to all the finished raw materials a company requires. .

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Treatment of the inventory carried forward from the previous year and sold in the current financial year.

  136. Neel says:

    “A negative number indicates that the company produced more batteries in the FY14
    than it managed to sell. To give a sense of proportion (in terms of sales and costs of
    sales) the company deducts the cost incurred in manufacturing the extra goods
    from the current year costs. The company will add this cost when they manage to
    sell these extra products sometime in future. This cost, which the company adds
    back later, will be included in the “Purchases of Stock in Trade” line item.”

    In this paragraph, you said that the cost will be included in the “purchase of stocks in trade”, but stock in trade means the finished goods that the company buys to sell them as they are. Then why the cost of the goods that the company manufactured and was unable to sell will be added in “purchace of stock in trade” ?

    By the way Thankyou very much for the articles, you are doing a great job by helping people learn for free. These articles are really amazing and helpful.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Neel, that would reflect the previous year’s excess, unsold, and included in this year. Happy learning 🙂

  137. Neel says:

    Can you please elaborate, I am still confused because the stock in trade is already counted in inventory and it will get reflected in changes in inventory, then why it is added as an expense again ?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Btw, this is not a standard line item in P&L, so don’t worry too much about this. Inventory is a balance sheet item, which is representative of the year on year change, it cumulative. Whereas the P&L accounts for the yearly details, hence since this is an expense, it will be reported in the P&L as well.

  138. Neel says:

    Thankyou sir

  139. Niharranjan Nayak says:

    valuable lessons

  140. Santosh says:

    In note 20 changes in inventories, why some of the numbers are written in brackets ()?

  141. Chandu says:

    Sir in previous chapter you have explained about stock in trade in this chapter you have wrote about purchase of stock in trade does both mean same, I read this chapter for 4th time no clarity on inventory or stock in trade scrolled through comments no use, can use brief me about this topic sir

  142. Avi says:

    Sir will 65000 will be deducted as depreciation for current year only as entire amount

  143. Avi says:

    Sir I’m asking 65000 will be shown on expense side of Profit and loss account, but in cash flow statement 15000

  144. snehangshu says:

    First of all, big thanks to team Zerodha for Zerodha versity.
    I am reading Zerodha varsity and learning a lot day by day. It is very interesting to read it as the method of teaching is very simple and language as well. The journey would be more wonderful if I get a printed copy of it. Please let me know if you have any facility of providing printed copy of Zerodha versity, if not please include the same facility.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Thanks for the kind words 🙂

      Unfortunately, there is no option to print the content. However, there are PDFs made available, which you can print (if required).

  145. Pintu says:

    Very nice infosir

  146. Vikas Gupta says:

    Hi sir,

    Thanks for sharing, What is difference between excise duty and tax paid on the same revenue.

  147. Tamizh Selvi S says:

    Hi karthik,
    Is the Earnings per share anyway related to the share price.Say,will this amount be given to the share holders

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Not really. Earnings per share is an indication of how much the earning of the company is on a per-share basis.

  148. ajithan says:

    hi sir…
    what about the transportation cost of a company…can you tell me about it?

  149. Keshav Mundhra says:

    This is too good. I mean the whole material that too available for free, its awesome!!!!! Thank you zerodha and Karthik sir!!!!

  150. Virendra Kumar Dhakad says:

    Current FY Yr – company manufactured 100 batteries, 50 R/- each one, so total cost incurred is 5000.
    But company only mangaed to sell around 80 batteries, so they decided to deduct 20 batteries cost (1000 R/-)
    * Change in Inventories of finished goods, work-in-process & stock-in-trade = -1000

    Now next FY Yr – company did the same output again, but this time they mangaed to sell 120 batteries (20 more in stocks). So now they needed to add 20 batteries extra cost (1000)
    * Purchase of stocks in trade = +1000

    Am I right?

  151. Sapna says:

    Hello Sir,

    When reading the company’s quarterly report, where can I find the source of other income?

    When can I classify other income as a bad thing or a red flag per say

  152. Sapna says:

    Hello Sir,

    What about companies that have a large amount of other income.
    Way more than their operational income??

    For example, holding companies like Alembic Ltd.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      That could be a cause of concern, you need to figure out why such an income exisits. It could be due to an asset sales, please check if its recurring or one off.

  153. Anirudhdhan V says:

    Karthik Rangappa – Very nice work and initiative from you and Zerodha 🙂 Keep producing great content like this for everyone’s Financial and Market literacy.

  154. Nikhil Valsalagangadharan says:

    How do I know the auditors cost in annual report?

  155. free_spirit says:

    Greetings,
    In the following statement what does this line means “which is also called the cost of sales method”? Do you mean to say “which is also called the cost, of ‘sales method’ ” OR “which is also called the ‘cost of sales method’ “?
    And how do I comprehend/Interpret it ? I tried google but not much help. Can you please re-word the whole sentence?
    Please revert, Thank You

    Main Statement => “Expenses are generally classified according to their function, which is also called the cost of sales method or based on the expense’s nature.”

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Ah, let me relook at the context, but I guess I meant expenses is also the cost of sales. I’ll get back on this.

  156. free_spirit says:

    Okay. Thanks 🙂

  157. Sunil Kumar Atthuluri says:

    Hi Karthik,
    May I know, What is EBITDA, I here a lot about EBITDA when some is looking at company’s Announced results !! Will the Financial reports contains any details about EBITDA ?
    Sorry! I’m still going through chapter by chapter, please let me know if there’s any mention about EBITDA in any chapter. Thank you.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation = EBITDA
      Basically income minus the expense. Helps you get a sense of how profitable the company is at an operating level.

  158. Sunil Kumar Atthuluri says:

    Thank you Karthik.
    One more question! How will we know when(on what date) a particular company is going to announce their results ?

  159. Tejpal says:

    Hi Sir,

    The number of equity shares outstanding is shown in the liabilities side of a balance sheet correct?
    Is the entire number of shares created? This would mean the sum of all Promoter + FII+DII+Public = 100?

    Could you explain free float market cap?

    Also lastly could you explain diulted share equity/ diluted EPS? What does diluted mean?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Yes, from the company’s perspective, this is a liability. Yes, it includes all the shares. Diluted means the shares come into existence by considering the further issue of equity.

  160. Laxman Rao says:

    Please Correct me if am wrong. Section 5.2 is saying about Profit before tax. “It refers to the net operating income after deducting operating expenses but before deducting taxes and interest” I guess it should be written only Tax & Not Interest. Since it PBT.

  161. Tejpal says:

    Hello Sir,

    To follow up with my previous question.
    Can you explain free float market cap?

    Also I don’t understand your statement of diluted shares. What exactly is it?

  162. Kalaivani T says:

    Sir,
    Can you pls tell me which figures in P&L we should really bothered to buy stocks. How to judge a stock from P&L??

    And really thanks for the effort.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Not just the P&L, its the financial statements in its entirety that you need to consider.

  163. Tusshar says:

    Hello Sir,

    I hope you are well.
    For Quarter 1
    Company X has a revenue of 1000 Cr.
    Net PAT is 100 Cr.

    How much of this 100 Cr profit is actually received by the company? Is there still money to be received from debtors??

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Its 100Cr after factoring in all the costs, hence PAT is also called the bottom line of the company.

  164. Tusshar says:

    Hello Sir,

    Does that mean that after the company had a turnover of 1000 cr they received a PAT of 100 Cr?

    What about money they have not received? Like some of their customers have not paid up, they would still have a turnover of 1000 cr but the profits would reduce correct? Is there a way they mention this or adjust this?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      That would be pending in the balance sheet, once its received, will get added to the accounts.

  165. Tusshar says:

    Hello sir,

    Where would that be shown in the quarterly result?

    Assume I have a sale of 1000 Cr for 1 quarter.
    Out of the 1000 cr sale i only receive payment of 800 cr. The rest 200 is still pending.
    On the quarterly sales do I show 800 cr or 1000 cr?

  166. Dj says:

    Hi Sir, thank you very much for this wonderful learning opportunity.
    EPS is equal to PAT/Total No of Share or PAT/No of share outstanding in market?
    i.e is it (17,08,12,500) total number of share available in market? what about the share holding by Promoter , Is should not be part of EPS?

  167. Venu says:

    How to find cost of goods sold in above statement?

  168. Athresh says:

    Sometimes, when there are operating losses, which i mean, expenses are more than revenue, and in that case we see taxes in negative number. What does negative tax mean?

  169. Attraya says:

    Hi Karthik, In P&L statement of most companies now I am getting two additional sections after the PAT section: Other Comprehensive Income and Total Comprehensive Income for the year.
    1) Could you please tell what these means and their significance?
    2)Does calculating EPS we need PAT or Total Comprehensive Income for the year?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      The total comprehensible income is the net P&L, but other comprehensible income includes unrealised P&L owing to investments (FX hedge) etc.
      For EPS, take the total comprehensible income.

  170. Keshav Taparia says:

    Sir one thing that I would like to say “मजा आ गया”

  171. Attraya says:

    Karthik, thanks for the reply. Can you please elaborate the sentence “other comprehensible income includes unrealised P&L owing to investments (FX hedge)”. Also, can you please make me understand the meaning of realised and unrealised P&L?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      It includes notional profits or losses for the year arising out of investments or hedges. You can exclude this in your calculations Attraya.

  172. Rishikesh says:

    key Takeaway point no. 8

    It should be Total number of outstanding ordinary shares / PAT not the other way around.

  173. Raushan says:

    Great information .
    Very helpful for beginner .
    Keep uploading these type of information.

  174. Sandeep S Dabhade says:

    karthik sir in above paragraphs you are saying that whatever finished goods are not sold in current year their cost of manufacturing deducted and adds in purchase of stock in trade. in comments you are supporting manoj sirs comments where they are saying something different. can you please review comments of both of you. because its making confusion to me.

  175. vaibhav says:

    it’s a request to add a dark mode to the web page as it put stress on my eyes while reading.

  176. Riya says:

    This article is so helpful. But I am not able to find the added notes in the P and L account of a company. So it’s getting a bit difficult for me. How do I find it out?

  177. Vineet says:

    I’m not able to understand change in inventory of finished good and how it is different from stock in trade meticulously. Sir kindly explain it explicitly.

  178. Pari says:

    Hi , Karthik..wd u plz like to xplain me ,hw could u find the value of “dep and Amortization” costs which stand at Rs.64.5 Crs. Bcoz I am not able 2 find dis value from balance sheet “accumulated depreciation ” section.

  179. Pari says:

    Vry sry 2 say, dis is not exactly what I want 2 know..my question is how can I calculate this value 64.5 cr (63.4+1.13)..I can’t match dis value from balance sheet.. actually I don’t hv enough idea about accounting..so plz lf u clarify dis..I can solve my doubt…thnk u..

  180. Pavan says:

    Sir,
    what is purchase of stock in trade?
    Purchases of stock in the trade refer to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business. -i found it on google.
    ARBL is manufacturing company, why its purchase finished goods insted of manufacturing them on its own?

  181. Kumaresan says:

    Hi Karthik, Can Exceptional items under expenses be credit type?. Example if some company sells one of its subsidiary and this is an one-off event. In this case company gains money and will this be added in revenue side or still be under expense side.

  182. Mahendra varma says:

    Hii! Karthik bro! A serious mind boggling doubt from me. Please give me a solution. If Inventory decreases, old goods would be sold now. You said that C. O. M. G will be included in purchases of Stock-In-Trade. That means same thing is being added twice. In brief, what is the difference between stock-in-trade and change in inventory?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Stock in trade includes things that will be used to make the final product. The final product if unsold will remain in the inventory. Nothing is added twice 🙂

  183. CM says:

    How can i find COGS? My Questions is given:
    opening inventory, Raw material consumed, Electricity/ power&fuel, Changes in Inventories of finished goods & raw material, employees benefits expenses, depreciation and amortization, other expenses, Finance costs

  184. Chetan says:

    Hi Karthik Sir,
    Hope u r doing great.
    Small doubts:
    1.Why Change in the inventory of finished goods is under expenses , however this is something which the company will anyways sell and make money.
    2.Does the opening and closing stock means how much at the start of the FY and end of the FY.
    3. Can you please put some light on the value of Change in the inventory of finished goods being negative or positive.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      1) Yes, so it gets recognized when the sale happens. If the sale does not happen, it will remain an expense right?
      2) Yes
      3) It just indicates the increase/decrease in inventory position.

  185. Vivek Bhat says:

    During the discussion on employee benefit expenses, it looked like a small expense, 5% of the revenue.
    However, looking at PAT of 367 Cr, the employee benefits of 158 Cr doesn’t look that small anymore.

  186. Naimisha says:

    What is the difference between Purchased of Stock in Trade and Changes in Inventories of Finished Goods , as what i understood from the above article is Purchased of Stock is the Items manufactured in the last year where as sold in the Current Year so that particular cost has been added now , Similarly Changes inventories of Finished Goods also have the same meaning , can u please clarify

  187. Dr.S.Sathish Kumar says:

    Sir I have read your explanation on comments section also regarding changes on inventories but still couldn’t understand the meaning of negative value. In the example you gave, if company manages to sell 80 out of 100 manufactures (each battery cost 50), we are deducting 20*50 = 1000 Rs from current quarter. (out of Rs.5000)
    1. Then where would that remaining Rs.1000 get entered?
    2. Even if you add this 1000 to next quarter’s change in inventories, in the eg, you gave if company manages to sell the additional 100 + remaining 20 it produces previously, still we are deducting this number in addition to the 5000Rs only right? The how can we get a positive number. Shoudn’t it be (-6000) Rs?

    I have done enough google search and forum reads, but couldn’t understand this negative number concept sir. If you could answer this, it will be of big help. Thanks.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      The correct way to think about it is basically apportioning the expenses of manufacturing to the time when the inventory is sold. Also, these are balance sheet adjustments that happen on a yearly basis and not quarterly.

  188. Sathish says:

    I understand your point sir. But ‘changes in inventories’ is reported on quarterly basis as well in P/L sheet and it keeps getting changed. That is why the confusion. Also where would ‘the number of inventories not sold’ which are not being deducted get entered? Thanks

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Ah ok, Sathish. The reporting of the number of inventories not sold, I’m not sure if that’s explicitly mentioned. Needs to be extracted I guess.

  189. Sathish says:

    Is ROCE the only criteria to see whether a company is reinvesting its profits and growing its business. Or can you suggest something in addition to ROCE?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      No, you can even check the movement in cashflow Sathish to get a sense of how the company is allocating its capital.

  190. kuber says:

    When the company says that they have incurred an inventory gain in this quarter. what it is inventory gain and loss in that sense? Does -ve number denotes inventory gain or loss?

  191. Sathish says:

    ‘Purchases of stock in the trade refer to all the purchases of finished goods that the company buys towards conducting its business.’
    Sir in this, what do you mean by ‘purchases of finished goods’? Why does a company need to buy its own finished goods? Are you talking about retaking their finished products in case of warranties or does it mean something else? Thanks.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Its more of a revenue recognition method where in finished goods made last year, but not sold are taken back to books the year in which its sold. Have explained in comments.

  192. Sathish says:

    I would also like to know whether there is any quick way to calculate the interest rate of debt for the company? Thanks.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Interest paid or finance charge paid divided over total debt will give you an idea of the interest rate obligation.

  193. Gian George says:

    I had a silly question… if we consider buildings as Assets, and since all assets must be depreciated, I wanted to know what happens to those building assets that appreciate in value over time, is there any considerations for this in the accounts?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Gian, Building as asset if this is used for Business purposes the Depreciation can be Claimed and a Depreciable asset when you sale it will be Short Term Capital Gain. And if it is in some individual name and he has plan to Exit in the Future he should not depreciate the office building.

  194. Aniket says:

    Sir this may be a silly question but how the numbers are rounded off.Means to the higher decimal value or lower decimal value. Ex 55,30,56,456 Rs is written 55.31 Cr or 55.30Cr.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      They are not rounded off, they are treated as actual. If you are unable to see in excel, that is because the decimals are hidden.

  195. Anirban Basak says:

    Under the expense side, the first three line items as given for Amara Raja batteries are:

    Could you kindly let know if I rightly understood for the above three?

    1. Cost of materials consumed: Denoting “Cost incurred to purchase against those finished products that are sold in this FY”
    2. Purchases of stock-in-trade: Denoting “Cost incurred to purchase against those finished products that are prepared in last FY but sold in this FY”
    3. Changes in inventories of finished goods, work-in-process and stock-in-trade: Denoting “costs incurred against those products that are produced but not yet sold/ work in progress/ produced in previous FY but yet to be sold this FY”

  196. Kushal says:

    as we know (interest, company has to pay on the loan taken) what else comes in Finance Cost?

  197. Ankit Gulati says:

    Hi,

    Thanks for this. But what if a company is a trading company and doesnt manufacture products in house. In that case how would the COGS look like across a) Cost of materials consumed b) Purchases of stock in trade c) Changes in inventories. Thanks in Advance.

  198. Sarthak Arora says:

    Profit before tax & extraodinary items should not deduct amt of extraodinary expenses because it is before not after

  199. Priyanka says:

    Hi,
    Can you please check Note 24- D.Other expenses- d.Premium on Forward Contracts- 1.08 million.
    What is exactly the kind of expense? Should it not form part of balancesheet.

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Forward contracts are like futures contract where the company tries to hedge its forex risk by entering into agreements with banks or institutions. The margin is referred to as the premium for forwards.

  200. DARK says:

    Purchase of stock in trade – cost of finished goods purchased required for company.
    change of inventory – cost of manufactured goods in past which are sold in this current financial year.

    then from where company will withdraw the cost of extra manufactured goods and where is the negative sign ?

    and when they will be sold they will be added in the purchase of stock in trade .

    so the picture of expenses which is displayed

    what really purchase of stock in trade shows ??- cost of finished goods purchased OR cost of extra manufactured goods of past which are sold in this year

    and what really change of inventory shows ?

  201. Adithya says:

    Hello Karthik, I might be wrong but the thing is under the section 5.2 PBT & 5.3 PAT you have called them as Operating income and operating profit. But what I understand is, it cannot be that because under the Revenue section of the company there is “Other income” which comprises of interest and income from equity, mutual funds etc. which is non operating in nature.
    So in my opinion exclusion of “other income” leads us towards operating income or profit. Please clarify

  202. Ridvan Sachdeva says:

    EPS is mentioned as 21.51 in the last part of P/L which states that all values are in Rs(million). Shouldn’t they specifically mention it individually as Rs 21.51 for better clarity? One might assume that it is Rs21.51 million.

  203. Suven says:

    Hello sir,

    I hope you are doing well.

    This is regarding Consolidated and Standalone Statements.

    Lets say a real example, Godrej Industries is the Flagship holding company of all Listed Godrej companies.

    Standalone the company is making a net loss. Consolidated the company is making a net profit.

    So When reading a profit/loss statement, Shouldn’t the income generated from being a stakeholder of other companies come under other income sources? How do you classify this as I am a little confused for the same

  204. Nethra says:

    Can negative number in change in inventory be explained? im having trouble wrapping my head around how the number becomes negative when you are including previous year’s number

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Usually this happens when you sell more than what you have by taking an advance from customers.

  205. Varun says:

    Hi Karthik, In Note 20, shouldnt the Opening Stock for FY 2014 match with the closing stock for FY 2013?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Ideally it should, but we go with the data from AR, and look for the supporting notes in the addendum.

  206. Yaqoot says:

    Hi Karthik,

    In the addendum note 20, we consider below items:

    1. Purchase of stock in trade (essentially any finished goods purchased directly). These may be purchased from some other seller or carried forward from last year (closing stock of unsold finished or WIP goods).

    2. Change in stock in trade opening and closing stock. (this is straight forward as it just sees what is the opening stock in trade and closing stock in trade)

    Then shouldnt we be able to see some matching in 1 & 2. Since if the above definitions as per my understanding are correct, then any purchase of stock in trade done in 2014 should also be equal to change in stock in trade at the opening and close. Why do we see that the change in stock in trade is only 294 while purchase is so much larger than this 2193?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Wont really be the same, Yaqoot as there is the addition of new stock in trade and also flushing out of old stock in trade and recognizing as revenue. So you have to factor in these things as well.

  207. Abhinav says:

    Sir, in section 5.1, it is written that “To give a sense of proportion (in terms of sales and sales costs), the company deducts the cost incurred in manufacturing the extra goods from the current year costs. The company will add this cost when they manage to sell these extra products sometime in future. This cost, which the company adds back later, will be included in the “Purchases of Stock in Trade” line item.”
    Why will the cost of manufacturing excess goods included in purchases of stock in trade, instead of opening stock for next year?

    • Karthik Rangappa says:

      Abhinav, anyway the closing stock for this year will be the opening stock for the next year right?

  208. Abhinav says:

    Yes, that’s true, so it will automatically be included in the opening stock for next year. So do we still add it in “Purchases of Stock in Trade”?

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