11.1 – Mapping companies

I’m hoping that the previous chapter gave you some insight into the current situation of the crude oil fundamentals. Some of you may also be interested in learning how crude oil is extracted from the ground and supplied to various stakeholders such as the refineries. The ‘Oil and Gas videos’ channel on YouTube, has done a stellar job in putting up short animated videos on this topic. If not all the videos, I’d encourage you to at least watch this one.

This animated video gives a beautiful, high-level understanding of how oil is extracted from the ground and ocean beds. You will also understand what ‘oil rigs’ are in this video. They are those important pad-like things, floating in the ocean, with flames spewing out of the exhaust. Companies such as Aban Offshore, Selan Exploration, Cairn India etc., are involved in setting this infrastructure up. I know a lot of traders and even investors investing in these asset-heavy companies, without knowing the operational core of such companies. I think this is not a great idea; one should always know what they are dealing with. Given this, and the relevance of crude oil on many listed companies, I would like to discuss how the oil industry is structured briefly.

11.2 – Upstream, Downstream, and Midstream

A note of warning here – I’m no oil and gas expert; my knowledge is limited to just the basics. As a crude oil trader, I do think it is essential to know the industry dynamics simply because the trading opportunities may not always be presented to you directly. For example, there could be some fundamental change brewing in crude oil, it may not manifest into a trade-in crude oil now, but instead, a trade opportunity may come about in the downstream companies. For you to benefit from this, it becomes imperative to know the layout of the industry and identify areas of opportunity. My objective here is to familiarise you with the industry layout and help you map companies and how they fit into the overall oil and gas ecosystem.

So let us get started.

The oil and gas industry can be segregated into three sections –

1. The upstream industry
2. The downstream industry
3. The midstream industry

Let us briefly discuss each one of them starting from the upstream companies.

Upstream companies

The upstream companies are the ones that do the dirty work – they take on geological surveys, dig up bore wells to get a sense of what’s in the ground underneath, and if they find oil reserves, they then begin the drilling and extraction of crude oil. It takes many years for upstream companies to identify an asset (potential oil well) and convert it into a fully functional, profitable oil well. Upstream companies manufacture and store crude oil in barrels (millions of barrels are produced every day). These companies do R&D and engineering and are asset-heavy. Therefore, they end up spending a lot of money (read as capital expenditure) to extract oil.

However, the price at which they can sell this oil in the open market is not really in their control. The price is determined by the markets in which market participants like you and I participate and influence the international oil price. Every upstream company has a breakeven point – defined as the cost of producing one barrel of oil. The breakeven point is also referred to as the ‘full-cycle cost’. Naturally, these companies would strive hard to keep their costs low and bring down the full-cycle cost.

Companies such as ONGC, Carin India, Reliance Industries, Oil India are some of the Indian upstream companies. Internationally, companies such as Shell, BP, Chevron etc., fall in this category.

The key point to note here is that low oil prices do not really favour upstream companies in general, especially the ones which have high economies of scale (the ones which have high full cost cycle). Obviously, the higher oil price is good for these companies as their efforts to extract oil remain the same, but margins improve drastically.

Downstream companies

We will talk about the downstream industry first and then discuss the midstream industry. Generally speaking, the job of the upstream companies ends at producing crude oil. ‘Crude oil’ as you realize is produced in its raw form. If we have to use it as petrol or diesel, then the crude oil has to be refined. This is where the downstream industry comes into the picture. These companies purchase the crude oil from upstream companies and refine the crude oil to various forms such as – petrol, diesel, aviation fuel, marine oil, kerosene, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, liquefied petroleum gas etc.,

Companies in this sector also go the extent of distributing these products across the value chain, right from business to business (B2B distribution) to business to consumer (B2C) distribution. In fact, petrol bunks are a good example of this phenomenon. Petrol bunks are nothing but a retail outlet, retailing petroleum products and owned by downstream companies.

Good examples of downstream companies in the Indian context are – BPCL, HPCL, IOC etc. Some companies try and integrate and operate across the value chain, i.e., they try and do both upstream and downstream operations. Companies that successfully combine these operations are often referred to as the ‘Super Major’. A classic example of this is the US-based ‘Exxon Mobil Corp’. They produce close to 4 million oil barrels per day and operate around 40 oil refineries across 21 countries. An operation of this scale is mammoth management and operational undertaking; not everybody’s cup of tea.

So, if the oil prices cool off, then it implies that the downstream companies can buy oil at lower prices from the upstream company (which is not so good for upstream boys as their efforts to produce oil is still the same). However, the benefit of lower oil price is not passed on to the end-user, i.e. you and me, but in developed countries like US and UK, this benefit is passed on to the end-users quite quickly.

Anyway, here is what you need to remember at this stage –

• Upstream and downstream companies share a see-saw relationship.
• Low oil prices are bad for the upstream boys but suitable for the downstream fellows.
• Higher oil price is right for upstream fellows but bad for downstream boys.

So the next time you see oil prices going down, don’t be in a hurry to short ONGC or BPCL. Take a minute to understand whether the company is a downstream or upstream company, and analyse the impact of oil prices on the company.

Midstream companies

We will quickly discuss the midstream companies before looking into other aspects.

In very loose terms, midstream companies are the ones act as a courier between the upstream and downstream companies. They are responsible for the transport of oil from the oil well to the refineries. They do this via pipelines, road transportation (oil takers), and by ocean shipments. Consider them as the wholesalers of crude oil. Some midstream companies try to deliver more on the value chain by refining the crude oil to some extent. Hence their operations sometimes overlap with downstream companies. Since midstream companies deal with both up and downstream companies, they are caught in the middle, they neither want oil prices to increase or decrease, but seek stability in oil prices. If oil price decreases, then upstream companies are affected, this is not good for them. Likewise, if the prices increase downstream companies are affected, this is again not so great for them.

Some of the top players in this segment are TransCanada, Spectra Energy, Willams and Company etc.

Here is a snapshot which gives you a quick overview of all the three industries –

11.2 – Difference between WTI Crude and Brent

Many people tend to speak about ‘Crude Oil’ as if it is a single uniform entity, something like Gold. However, this is not true. Did you know there are many varieties of crude oil that can be extracted from the ground below? The difference comes in mainly from the geographic variation and its unique characteristics. The impact of geography is so much that the characteristics of crude oil, right from thickness, color (light yellow, golden yellow, deep black), viscosity, sulfur content, volatility etc., change drastically.

Given this, naturally, there are many different types of Crude oil. I’ll not get into details,  not that I don’t want to; it’s simply because I don’t know them myself 🙂 . I know the fundamental difference between to West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent Blend, which is what matters to most of the crude oil traders and hence we will stick to it.

Before we get into the difference between the two, let us touch upon two distinct characteristics of crude oil, which define the variation of crude.

API Gravity – API here stands for ‘American Petroleum Institute’, which is essentially a metric to compare the lightness of crude oil with that of water. If the ‘API Gravity’ of a particular variety of oil is higher than 10, it merely indicates that the oil is lighter than water. Therefore the oil can float on water. API gravity less than 10 means that the oil is heavier than water; hence the oil will sink in water.

Sweetness – Crude oil of any form will naturally contain sulfur. The lesser the content (I was told sub 0.5%) the ‘sweeter’ the oil is considered. Higher the content of sulfur, then the oil is not considered ‘not so sweet’.

The difference between WTI and Brent mainly comes from the API Gravity and its sweetness.

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) – This is considered a very superior quality of crude; hence the final refined products are also meant to be of superior quality. The API gravity is 39.6 (recall higher than 10, then it’s lighter than water); therefore, WTI is considered super light. Further, the sulfur content is just 0.26 per cent, making it a lovely crude oil.

Brent Blend – Much like blended scotch, crude oil can also be blended to create variants with certain properties. Apparently, the Brent blend is created by blending oil from over 15 oil wells. Brent has a sulfur content of 0.37%, which makes it sweet, but not as sweet as WTI. The API gravity is around 38.06, which makes Brent quite ‘light’.

Clearly, due to the variation in the characteristics, the two are traded at different prices. Have a look at the price quote for these two variants –

Source: Bloomberg

Most importantly, you need to know that crude oil traded on MCX follows the WTI and not Brent crude.

By the way, you may also be interested to note, that Brent Crude has an optional delivery meaning, upon the derivative contract expiry, you can choose to either physically settle or cash settle the contract. WTI on other hand is physically settled. Probably this explains why Brent crude is priced higher compared to WTI

11.3 – Crude oil inventory levels

Supply-demand effects crude oil prices and therefore, the profitability of many companies linked at various points in the oil and gas ecosystem. This makes tracking the inventory levels of crude oil prices important on several counts. You can use this information to trade not just crude at MCX, but also set up trades on companies such as BPCL, HPCL, IOC, ONGC etc.

There are two organizations that put out the inventory details –

1. US Energy Information Administration (US EIA) – They report the inventory levels every week. You can track the information here. Remember, inventories tend to increase when the demand is low, or there is an oversupply, either which way, it isn’t good for oil prices, and hence the upstream companies. Likewise, lower inventories mean either there is a lot of demand, or there is a production cut, both ways it’s good for crude prices and upstream companies.
2. OECD Crude Oil inventory – OECD stands for ‘Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development’. OECD also gives out crude oil inventory (but not at a weekly forecast like EIA). You can track the inventory position on OECD’s website.

11.4 – The relationship between the US Dollar and Crude Oil

The crude oil and US Dollar share an inverse relationship. A strengthening US Dollar tends to drive the price of crude oil down. Likewise, weakening USD tends to drive the prices of crude oil higher. At this point, it is essential to note that both these assets have their own supply-demand dynamics influencing their price movement; however, they are also somewhat linked to one another.

If you do an image search for ‘Crude Oil versus Dollar’, you will find many charts which display this inverse relationship. Here is one for example –

The interesting thing to note here is, the dollar used in these charts is not the “USD Dollar Spot” but instead the ‘Dollar index’, which is a representation of dollar against major world currencies. This makes absolute sense as crude oil is an international currency priced in dollars, therefore irrespective of who is buying crude oil, payments happen in US dollars.

Given this, if the Dollar increases (for whatever reasons), then countries tend to purchase more oil for the same level of the dollar (more oil can be purchased for the same dollar level). This leads to quicker depletion of inventory levels, therefore the price of oil increases.

The argument above is generally true over long time periods. However, please do remember that both these assets have their own fundamental dynamics playing. So there could be instances where both of them may break their inverse correlation and head in the same direction.

Also, remember the inverse correlation only suggests that the two assets move in the opposite direction but does not say anything in magnitude. So, for example, if the dollar declines 10%, this does not imply that the Crude oil will increase by 10%.

In the next chapter, we will discuss the contract specification of Crude oil on MCX.

---

Key takeaways from this chapter

1. It is important to understand the Oil & Gas ecosystem and map how companies are mapped under this ecosystem.
2. Upstream companies are asset-heavy and are involved in extracting oil from the ground.
3. Increase in oil price is good for upstream companies, while a decrease is not.
4. Downstream companies mainly consist of refineries. Higher oil price is not good for them while lower oil prices are good (as their margins tend to increase).
5. Midstream companies are involved in oil and gas logistics. They prefer stability in oil prices as they do business with both upstream and downstream companies.
6. WTI and Brent are two variants of crude oil varying mostly in terms of API gravity and sweetness.
7. Brent Crude is the international benchmark.
8. Keeping track of inventory levels is critical. Increase in inventory tends to decrease the crude oil price, and drop inventory tends to increase the prices of crude oil.
9. The USD index and crude oil share an inverse correlation over longer periods. However, this relationship may break over short time frames owing to their own supply-demand dynamics.