8.1 – Choosing Calls over Puts
Similar to the Bear Put Spread, the Bear Call Spread is a two leg option strategy invoked when the view on the market is ‘moderately bearish’. The Bear Call Spread is similar to the Bear Put Spread in terms of the payoff structure; however there are a few differences in terms of strategy execution and strike selection. The Bear Call spread involves creating a spread by employing ‘Call options’ rather than ‘Put options’ (as is the case in bear put spread).
You may have a fundamental question at this stage – when the payoffs from both Bear Put spread and Bear Call spread are similar, why should one choose a Bear Call spread over a Bear Put spread?
Well, this really depends on how attractive the premiums are. While the Bear Put spread is executed for a debit, the Bear Call spread is executed for a credit. So if you are at a point in the market where –
- The markets have rallied considerably (therefore CALL premiums have swelled)
- The volatility is favorable
- Ample time to expiry
And you have a moderately bearish outlook going forward, then it makes sense to invoke a Bear Call Spread for a net credit as opposed to invoking a Bear Put Spread for a net debit. Personally I do prefer strategies which offer net credit rather than strategies which offer net debit.
8.2 – Strategy Notes
The Bear Call Spread is a two leg spread strategy traditionally involving ITM and OTM Call options. However you can create the spread using other strikes as well. Do remember, the higher the difference between the two selected strikes (spread), larger is the profit potential.
To implement the bear call spread –
- Buy 1 OTM Call option (leg 1)
- Sell 1 ITM Call option (leg 2)
Ensure –
- All strikes belong to the same underlying
- Belong to the same expiry series
- Each leg involves the same number of options
Let us take up example to understand this better –
Date – February 2016
Outlook – Moderately bearish
Nifty Spot – 7222
Bear Call Spread, trade set up –
- Buy 7400 CE by paying Rs.38/- as premium; do note this is an OTM option. Since money is going out of my account this is a debit transaction
- Sell 7100 CE and receive Rs.136/- as premium, do note this is an ITM option. Since I receive money, this is a credit transaction
- The net cash flow is the difference between the debit and credit i.e 136 – 38 = +98, since this is a positive cashflow, there is a net credit to my account.
Generally speaking in a bear call spread there is always a ‘net credit’, hence the bear call spread is also called referred to as a ‘credit spread’. After we initiate the trade, the market can move in any direction and expiry at any level. Therefore let us take up a few scenarios to get a sense of what would happen to the bear put spread for different levels of expiry.
Scenario 1 – Market expires at 7500 (above the long Call)
At 7500, both the Call options would have an intrinsic value and hence they both would expire in the money.
- 7400 CE would have an intrinsic value of 100, since we have paid a premium of Rs.38, we would be in a profit of 100 – 38 = 62
- 7100 CE would have an intrinsic value of 400, since we have sold this option at Ra.136, we would incur a loss of 400 – 136 = -264
- Net loss would be -264 + 62 = – 202
Scenario 2 – Market expires at 7400 (at the long call)
At 7400, the 7100 CE would have an intrinsic value and hence would expire in the money. The 7400 CE would expire worthless.
- 7400 CE would expire worthless, hence the entire premium of Rs.38 would be written of as a loss.
- 7100 CE would have an intrinsic value of 300, since we have sold this option at Ra.136, we would incur a loss of 300 – 136 = -164
- Net loss would be -164 -38 = – 202
Do note, the loss at 7400 is similar to the loss at 7500 pointing to the fact that above a certain point loss is capped to 202.
Scenario 3 – Market expires at 7198 (breakeven)
At 7198, the trade neither makes money or losses money, hence this is considered a breakeven point. Let us see how the numbers play out here –
- At 7198, the 7100CE would expire with an intrinsic value of 98. Since we have sold the option at Rs.136, we get to retain a portion of the premium i.e 136 – 98 = +38
- 7400 CE would expire worthless, hence we will lose the premium paid i.e 38
- Net payoff would -38 + 38 = 0
This clearly indicates that the strategy neither makes money or losses money at 7198.
Scenario 4 – Market expires at 7100 (at the short call)
At 7100, both the Call options would expire worthless, hence it would be out of the money.
- 7400 would not have any value, hence the premium paid would be a complete loss, i.e Rs.38
- 7100 will also not have any intrinsic value, hence the entire premium received i.e Rs.136 would be retained back
- Net profit would be 136 – 38 = 98
Clearly, as and when the market falls, the strategy makes a profit.
Scenario 5 – Market expires at 7000 (below the short call)
This scenario tests the profitability of the strategy when the market falls further. At 7000, both the call options would expire worthless. While we treat the premium paid for 7400 CE i.e Rs.38 as a loss , we will retain the entire premium received for 7100 CE i.e Rs.136 as a profit. Hence the net profit from the strategy would be 136-38 = 98. Clearly, as and when the market falls, the strategy tends to make money, but it is capped to Rs.98.
Here is the payoff for the strategy at different expiries –
These payoffs can be plotted to get the graph of the strategy payoff –
As you can observe, the payoff is similar to a bear put spread where both the profits under best case scenario and losses under worst case scenario is pre defined.
8.3 – Strategy Generalization
Going by the above payoff we can generalize the key trigger points for the strategy –
- Spread = Difference between the strikes
- 7400 – 7100 = 300
- Net Credit = Premium Received – Premium Paid
- 136 – 38 = 98
- Breakeven = Lower strike + Net Credit
- 7100 + 98 = 7198
- Max Profit = Net Credit
- Max Loss = Spread – Net Credit
- 300 – 98 = 202
At this stage, we can add up the Deltas to get the overall position delta to know the strategy’s sensitivity to the directional movement.
From the BS calculator I got the Delta values as follows –
- 7400 CE is OTM option and has a delta of +0.32
- 7100 CE is ITM option and has a delta of +0.89
- Since we are short 7100 CE, the delta is –(+0.89) = -0.89
- Overall position delta is = +0.32 + (-0.89) = -0.57
The delta of the strategy is negative, and it indicates that the strategy makes money when the underlying goes down, and makes a loss when the underlying goes up.
8.4 – Strike Selection and impact of Volatility
The following images help us identify the best call option strikes to choose, given the time to expiry. We have discussed the split up of time frame (1st and 2nd half of the series) several times before, hence for this reason I will just post the graphs and the summary table.
Strikes to select when we are in the 1st half of the series –
Expect 4% move to happen within | Higher strike | Lower strike | Refer graph on |
---|---|---|---|
5 days | Far OTM | ATM+2 strikes | Top left |
15 days | Far OTM | ATM + 2 strikes | Top right |
25 days | OTM | ATM + 1 strike | Bottom left |
At expiry | OTM | ATM | Bottom right |
Strikes to select when we are in the 2nd half of the series –
Expect 4% move to happen within | Higher strike | Lower strike | Refer graph on |
---|---|---|---|
5 days | Far OTM | Far OTM | Top left |
15 days | Far OTM | Slightly OTM | Top right |
25 days | Slightly OTM | ATM | Bottom left |
At expiry | OTM | ATM/ITM | Bottom right |
The following graph talks about the variation in strategy cost with respect to changes in the volatility –
The graph above explains how the premium varies with respect to variation in volatility and time.
- The blue line suggests that the cost of the strategy does not vary much with the increase in volatility when there is ample time to expiry (30 days)
- The green line suggests that the cost of the strategy varies moderately with the increase in volatility when there is about 15 days to expiry
- The red line suggests that the cost of the strategy varies significantly with the increase in volatility when there is about 5 days to expiry
From these graphs it is clear that one should not really be worried about the changes in the volatility when there is ample time to expiry. However one should have a view on volatility between midway and expiry of the series. It is advisable to take the bear call spread only when the volatility is expected to increase, alternatively if you expect the volatility to decrease, its best to avoid the strategy.
Key takeaways from this chapter
- Bear call spread is best invoked when you are moderately bearish on the markets
- You choose a bear call spread over a bear put spread when the call option premiums are more attractive than put options.
- Both the profits and losses are capped
- Classic bear call spread involves simultaneously purchasing OTM call options and selling ITM call options
- Bear call spread usually results in a net credit, in fact this is another key reason to invoke a bear call spread versus a bear put spread
- Net Credit = Premium Received – Premium Paid
- Breakeven = Lower strike + Net Credit
- Max profit = Net Credit
- Max Loss = Spread – Net Credit
- Select strikes based on the time to expiry
- Implement the strategy only when you expect the volatility to increase (especially in the 2nd half of the series)
Download Bear Call Spread Excel Sheet
In the example above you have told to sell 7100pe
instead of 7100ce!! Can you please correct the same
Thanks for pointing, will make the necessary corrections. Please do let me know if you spot it else where. Thanks.
Whil starting the example , you have mentioned “Bull Put Spread, trade set up”. I think it should be “Bear Call spread, trade Setup”
Will correct this, thanks for pointing this!
Sir,
In the bar chart where strike price selection is indicated, it will be interesting if Delta of the trade is also mentioned. Total profit and probability of the making profit. Here delta will also indicate the possibility of the trade making profit.
The explanation is as usual perfect. I am waiting for hedged trading strategies to come, where maximizing the profit may be tricky and will need more expert advised.
Hedging is good to limit your loss but I always think how to come out from the trade at the time when profit is optimize?
Thanks
Delta is just a measure of the ‘direction ness’ of the trade. It does not indicate the possibility of being successful. As we go forward, we will introduce few more hedged position strategies.
Hi kartik,
Can you make a chapter on commodities so we know everything about commodity trading
Very soon!
hello sir, when can we have the pdf version (downloadable files) of the strategies.
Will put this up soon!
Hello Karthik,
I would like to clarify or suggest a couple of corrections in this module: 1. In the last para you mentioned “It is advisable to take the bear call spread only when the volatility is expected to increase, alternatively if you expect the volatility to decrease, its best to avoid the strategy.”. Generally it is always gives an edge to you when you enter a credit spread when volatility is high and when you expect it to fall in coming days (i mean this in addition to our view on direction of the market, which is obvious any way) as the premiums will come down volatility drops. So, keeping in view of this i believe its correct to say “It is advisable to take the bear call spread when the volatility is expected to decrease, alternatively if you expect the volatility to increase substantially, its best to avoid the strategy”. Please let me know if you think otherwise. (I understand most of the volatility will increase when markets are falling due to fear in the market, but it is also possible market can trade sideways in which case volatility may fall and trader can get profit from that. Any way this strategy need to be applied when one has a mild bearish view or at least stays around current price). 2. This one is about a typo “Bull Put Spread, trade set up –” in section 8.2. This should be changed “Bear Call Spread, trade set up –”. Bringing this point to your notice as those new to Options strategies should not get confused with this typo.
Thanks so much for pointing these out, the 2nd one is a typo, will fix that. About the volatility part, I will get back to you shortly.